The Nile Basin is a critical water resource for Rwanda, with significant implications for water security and potential conflict. An interdisciplinary approach combining socio-economic data analysis and qualitative insights from local communities and government officials. Water stress has led to increased competition among sectors such as agriculture, industry, and domestic use, with a notable trend towards more frequent water disputes in the last decade. The analytical framework highlights the need for collaborative governance mechanisms to address water scarcity and prevent conflict. Developing integrated water resource management strategies that consider all stakeholders' needs is essential for mitigating conflicts arising from water scarcity.