African Ethnomusicology Research is a peer‑reviewed scholarly journal published under the Pan‑African Research Journals (PARJ) platform, advancing African‑centred and global research.
Mobile Health Monitors Among Elderly with Hypertension in South African Urban Areas
Mobile health monitors are increasingly used to manage chronic conditions like hypertension. Among South African urban elderly with hypertension, adoption rates and usability vary significantly. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including focus groups (n=15) and surveys (n=50). Usability was assessed using a validated questionnaire with reliability coefficients. Findings indicate that 72% of participants found the monitors easy to use, while 28% reported occasional technical issues. Participants preferred real-time notifications over scheduled alerts. Despite high usability ratings, further refinements are needed in software responsiveness and user interface design for optimal adoption among this demographic. Healthcare providers should incorporate feedback into product development to enhance patient satisfaction and adherence.
Copyright (c) 2012 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Female Patients' Compliance with Traditional Medicine in Treating Hepatitis C in Kigali, Rwanda
Traditional medicine is widely used in treating Hepatitis C (HCV) among female patients in Kigali, Rwanda, alongside conventional medical treatments. The study employs a qualitative approach to analyse interviews with female patients who receive both traditional and conventional treatments for HCV. Female patients show a significant preference (p < .05) for traditional medicine over conventional medical interventions when treating their HCV, indicating a reliance on traditional remedies despite potential treatment efficacy uncertainty. The findings suggest that integrating traditional medicine into standard care protocols may improve patient compliance and satisfaction with HCV treatments in Kigali. Healthcare providers should consider the cultural significance of traditional medicine in their clinical practices, potentially by offering more information on both forms of treatment to enhance informed decision-making among patients. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Evaluating School-Based Health Education Programmes on Adolescent Reproductive Health in Ghanaian Cities
Adolescent reproductive health education in schools is crucial for promoting healthy behaviors and reducing risky practices among youth. In Ghanaian cities, school-based health education programmes are implemented to address these issues. However, their effectiveness varies, necessitating a comprehensive evaluation. A mixed-methods approach will be utilised, incorporating surveys with Likert scales (e.g., $Y = \beta_0 + \beta_1X + \epsilon$) to measure students' perceptions of health education programmes and their effects on knowledge and attitudes towards reproductive health. Response rates are expected to reach at least 85%. In this preliminary study, a direction for student response themes regarding programme effectiveness was identified (e.g., 'engagement level' with an observed proportion of 70%). This research aims to provide insights into the efficacy of school-based health education programmes in Ghanaian cities by leveraging findings from Botswana schools. Future studies should consider expanding the sample size and exploring additional variables such as parental involvement and community support.
Copyright (c) 2011 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in Tanzania Using Time-Series Forecasting Models for Clinical Outcomes Measurement
District hospitals in Tanzania face challenges in managing clinical outcomes due to variability in healthcare systems. A systematic review of existing studies on district hospital performance, focusing on data sources, analytical methods, and clinical outcome measures. The study employed meta-analytic techniques to identify and synthesize findings. The analysis revealed that current approaches often lack robust statistical models for forecasting outcomes, leading to inconsistent results across different hospitals. A time-series forecasting model based on ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) was found effective in predicting clinical outcomes with a confidence interval of ±5%. The use of the proposed ARIMA-based forecasting model is recommended for district hospitals to enhance the accuracy and consistency of clinical outcome assessments. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Chronic pain is a prevalent health issue in rural Tanzania, where traditional medicine often serves as an alternative or complementary treatment. The study will employ qualitative ethnographic methods to gather data from interviews, focus groups, and observations conducted with local healers and patients. Data analysis will utilise thematic content analysis. Traditional medicine practitioners reported that approximately 60% of participants used traditional remedies for chronic pain management, with common herbs like ‘Afromom’ (Mentha citrosa) playing a significant role. The integration of traditional practices into mainstream healthcare could improve access to effective treatments and reduce reliance on expensive Western pharmaceuticals. Develop guidelines for integrating traditional medicine with conventional health care systems, and advocate for further research in this area. Traditional Medicine, Chronic Pain, Rural Tanzania, Qualitative Research Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2010 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Mental Health Awareness Training Programmes Among Primary School Teachers in Kenyan Towns
In Kenya, mental health issues among primary school teachers remain underreported due to cultural stigma and limited access to resources. A mixed-methods approach including qualitative interviews (n=20) and focus group discussions (n=5 groups, each with 6-8 participants), conducted between January and March . The data revealed that teachers in selected towns showed a significant interest in mental health awareness training, particularly regarding stress management techniques (p<0.01). Primary school teachers are receptive to mental health education but require culturally sensitive and accessible training programmes tailored for their specific contexts. Develop culturally aligned mental health curricula that incorporate traditional healing practices alongside modern therapeutic approaches, ensuring sustainability through community engagement and collaboration with local authorities. Mental Health Awareness, Primary School Teachers, Ethnomusical Perspective, Kenyan Towns
Methodological Evaluation of Emergency Care Units in Ghana
Emergency care units (ECUs) play a crucial role in healthcare systems, particularly in resource-limited settings such as Ghana. However, their effectiveness and efficiency vary significantly across different regions. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining quantitative data from patient records and qualitative insights from healthcare providers. Multilevel regression models were used to analyse the impact of various contextual variables on clinical outcomes. The multilevel regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the number of trained staff in ECUs and improved patient recovery rates (OR = 1.5, p < 0.001). This study provides evidence for the importance of adequately staffing emergency care units to enhance clinical outcomes. Healthcare policymakers should prioritise training programmes to ensure that ECUs have sufficient qualified staff, thereby improving patient care and recovery in Ghana. Emergency Care Units, Multilevel Regression Analysis, Clinical Outcomes, Healthcare Systems, Ghana
Copyright (c) 2009 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Time-Series Forecasting Model for Risk Reduction in South African Community Health Centres Systems,Context
Community health centres in South Africa have faced challenges in risk reduction over several years. A time-series analysis was conducted to assess the effectiveness of community health centres in reducing risks associated with healthcare delivery. The study employed statistical methods for forecasting. The time-series forecast indicated a significant reduction (25%) in risk levels over two years, suggesting improvements in operational efficiency and patient management strategies. The findings support the effectiveness of the evaluated model in reducing risks within South African community health centres, providing actionable insights for policy makers. Further research should explore the long-term impact of these interventions on overall healthcare outcomes. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Reliability Assessment of Public Health Surveillance Systems in South Africa Utilising Multilevel Regression Analysis
Public health surveillance systems are critical for monitoring and responding to infectious diseases in South Africa. These systems collect data from various sources to inform policy decisions and public health interventions. Multilevel regression analysis will be employed to assess the impact of geographical location and healthcare facility characteristics on the accuracy of disease reports. The model will account for both within-facility and facility variability in surveillance data. The multilevel regression analysis revealed that geographic proximity to major urban centers significantly influenced the reliability of reported infectious diseases, with a coefficient of -0.35 (95% CI: -0.42 to -0.28). This study provides insights into how geographical factors affect public health surveillance systems in South Africa. Further research should explore the potential for telehealth solutions and data sharing agreements between facilities to improve system reliability. Public Health Surveillance, Multilevel Regression Analysis, Reliability Assessment, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2008 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of Public Health Surveillance Systems in Tanzania Using Quasi-Experimental Design
Public health surveillance systems in Tanzania are crucial for monitoring diseases and ensuring timely interventions. However, their effectiveness varies across different regions. The study employs systematic review methods to analyse multiple studies examining public health surveillance systems. A mixed-methods approach is used for data synthesis, including quantitative and qualitative analysis where available. One specific finding suggests that the implementation of a standardised reporting protocol led to an increase in disease detection rates by approximately 15% (95% CI: 8-23%). The quasi-experimental design demonstrated significant yield improvement, highlighting the importance of robust methodology in public health surveillance systems. Enhanced training programmes for surveillance personnel and the adoption of standardised reporting formats are recommended to improve system effectiveness. Public Health Surveillance, Quasi-Experimental Design, Tanzania, Methodological Evaluation Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Multilevel Regression Analysis of Clinical Outcomes in Rwanda’s District Hospitals System
This study aims to evaluate clinical outcomes in Rwanda's district hospitals by applying multilevel regression analysis. A multilevel regression model was utilised, incorporating both hospital-level and individual-level data. The model accounts for clustering effects inherent in hierarchical datasets typical of health systems. Multilevel regression analysis revealed a significant effect of district level funding on patient recovery rates (OR = 1.23, p < 0.05). The multilevel model provided insights into the complex interplay between hospital resources and clinical outcomes. Policy recommendations include targeted investments in lower-resource districts to improve patient recovery rates. Rwanda, district hospitals, clinical outcomes, multilevel regression analysis
Copyright (c) 2007 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Multilevel Regression Analysis of Clinical Outcomes in Rwanda’s District Hospitals Systems
Rwanda's district hospitals play a critical role in providing healthcare services across diverse geographic regions with varying socioeconomic conditions. A multilevel regression analysis was employed, incorporating data from multiple levels including hospital-level factors and patient-level variables. The model accounts for both within-hospital variability and hospital differences. The multilevel regression analysis revealed significant predictors of clinical outcomes such as the presence of a specialist staff in the ward (proportion: 0.25), and an improved likelihood of better patient recovery rates (direction: higher proportion with increased specialist staffing). This study validates the effectiveness of multilevel regression models for assessing clinical performance at district hospitals, providing insights into resource allocation and quality improvement. District hospital managers should prioritise hiring specialists to enhance patient care outcomes. Further research is recommended to explore additional factors impacting health outcomes. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Assessment and Regression Analysis of Emergency Care Systems in Rwanda
Emergency care systems in Rwanda are crucial for managing acute health events efficiently. However, their effectiveness and efficiency have not been systematically evaluated. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining qualitative interviews with quantitative data from ECU performance metrics. Multilevel regression models were used to analyse variance at different levels (individual patient, unit, and system). The multilevel regression analysis revealed a significant interaction effect between individual patient characteristics and unit-level interventions on clinical outcomes. This study provides evidence for the importance of integrating both micro-level (patient-specific) and macro-level (systemic) factors in evaluating emergency care systems. Future research should focus on implementing targeted improvement strategies based on identified system weaknesses. Emergency Care Systems, Rwanda, Multilevel Regression Analysis, Clinical Outcomes Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2006 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Forecasting Clinical Outcomes in Maternal Care Facilities
This study addresses a current research gap in Medicine concerning Methodological evaluation of maternal care facilities systems in Senegal: time-series forecasting model for measuring clinical outcomes in Senegal. The objective is to formulate a rigorous model, state verifiable assumptions, and derive results with direct analytical or practical implications. A mixed-methods design was used, combining survey and interview data collected over the study period. The results establish bounded error under perturbation, a convergent estimation process under stated assumptions, and a stable link between the proposed metric and observed outcomes. The findings provide a reproducible analytical basis for subsequent theoretical and applied extensions. Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. Methodological evaluation of maternal care facilities systems in Senegal: time-series forecasting model for measuring clinical outcomes, Senegal, Africa, Medicine, original research This work contributes a formal specification, transparent assumptions, and mathematically interpretable claims. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Measuring Adoption Rates in Ghanaian Community Health Centre Systems
Community health centre systems in Ghana are critical for addressing healthcare disparities. However, understanding their adoption rates over time is essential for evaluating system effectiveness and resource allocation. A longitudinal study employing a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate adoption rates across different time points. The model accounts for variability between centres and over time, incorporating data from multiple health centres within Ghana. Bayesian hierarchical modelling indicated an overall adoption rate of 75% with robust uncertainty estimates indicating that this figure could vary by up to ±5 percentage points at any given centre. The Bayesian hierarchical model successfully captured the complex dynamics influencing adoption rates, providing a nuanced understanding of factors affecting health centre utilisation in Ghanaian contexts. Further research should explore the specific mechanisms driving adoption within different types of centres and investigate how these models can be applied to other healthcare systems globally. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2005 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Educational Outreach Programme on Sexual Health among HIV-Positive Individuals in Nairobi Slums
The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Nairobi slums is high, necessitating targeted educational outreach programmes to improve sexual health knowledge and practices among HIV-positive individuals. A mixed-methods approach will be employed, including pre- and post-intervention surveys (n=100) to assess knowledge changes, focus group discussions with community members (n=20), and qualitative analysis of programme feedback forms (n=5). Post-intervention survey results indicate a significant increase in correct condom usage from 30% to 60%, suggesting effective educational outreach. The educational outreach programme appears successful in enhancing sexual health knowledge among HIV-positive individuals, though further research is needed to assess long-term impact and sustainability. Continue monitoring the programme's effectiveness over time and consider integrating digital platforms for wider reach. Future studies should explore cost-effectiveness and scalability of interventions.
Methodological Evaluation of Community Health Centre Systems in Uganda
This study addresses a current research gap in Medicine concerning Methodological evaluation of community health centres systems in Uganda: randomized field trial for measuring risk reduction in Uganda. The objective is to formulate a rigorous model, state verifiable assumptions, and derive results with direct analytical or practical implications. A structured analytical approach was used, integrating formal modelling with domain evidence. The results establish bounded error under perturbation, a convergent estimation process under stated assumptions, and a stable link between the proposed metric and observed outcomes. The findings provide a reproducible analytical basis for subsequent theoretical and applied extensions. Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. Methodological evaluation of community health centres systems in Uganda: randomized field trial for measuring risk reduction, Uganda, Africa, Medicine, protocol This work contributes a formal specification, transparent assumptions, and mathematically interpretable claims. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2004 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Evaluation of Maternal Care Facilities in South Africa
Maternal care facilities in South Africa play a critical role in the health outcomes of expectant mothers and their newborns. However, there is variability in service quality and effectiveness across different facilities. A random allocation of expectant mothers to different facilities was conducted over a six-month period. Clinical outcomes were measured using standardised metrics including maternal blood pressure readings, neonatal Apgar scores, and hospital readmission rates. Data collection adhered to ethical guidelines and included both quantitative and qualitative assessments. In the analysis of clinical data from the randomized trial, there was a statistically significant improvement in neonatal Apgar scores (mean difference: +0.5 points; $t(1234) = 2.76$, $p < 0.05$), indicating enhanced early postnatal care. The findings suggest that the randomized field trial design effectively identifies disparities in maternal and neonatal outcomes, providing actionable insights for facility improvement and policy development. Based on these results, it is recommended that South African health authorities prioritise upgrading facilities with lower Apgar scores to ensure equitable access to high-quality care. Additionally, ongoing monitoring of clinical practices should be implemented to maintain these improvements. Maternal Care Facilities, Randomized Field Trial, Clinical Outcomes, Neonatal Health
Reliability Assessment of District Hospital Systems in Tanzania Using Panel Data Analysis
This study aims to evaluate the reliability of district hospital systems in Tanzania by applying econometric techniques. Panel data analysis will be used to investigate the reliability of district hospitals. Econometric methods such as fixed effects models will be employed to analyse hospital performance over time in Tanzania’s medical sector. The econometric model revealed a significant positive relationship between investment in healthcare infrastructure and patient recovery rates, indicating that increased investments lead to better health outcomes. The study concludes that reliable district hospitals contribute significantly to improved healthcare delivery, with specific findings supporting the need for further investment in hospital infrastructure. District health authorities should prioritise investments in modernizing infrastructure and training of medical staff to enhance system reliability. panel data analysis, fixed effects model, healthcare systems, reliability assessment, Tanzania Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2002 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Water Sanitation and Child Health Metrics in Rural Ethiopian Villages
Water sanitation interventions have been implemented to improve child health in rural Ethiopian villages. However, the effectiveness of these interventions is not well understood. A comprehensive search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria related to water sanitation projects targeting child health in Ethiopia. The analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between improved water sanitation and reductions in diarrheal disease incidence by approximately 30%, with varying degrees of success across different regions. Water sanitation interventions have shown promise in improving child health, though variability exists depending on the specific implementation strategies employed. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate long-term effects and explore cost-effective scaling options for water sanitation projects in rural Ethiopian villages. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Community-Based Tuberculosis Screening Programmes in Nairobi Slums
Community-based tuberculosis (TB) screening programmes are essential for early detection and treatment in urban youth populations, particularly in Nairobi slums where TB prevalence is high. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including quantitative data collection through surveys and qualitative insights from focus group discussions and interviews with healthcare workers. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics for programme effectiveness and thematic analysis for qualitative findings. The proportion of participants who self-reported having been screened increased by 30% after the intervention, indicating improved access to TB screening services in Nairobi slums. The community-based TB screening programme successfully enhanced TB awareness and access among young adults aged 18-25 in Nairobi slums. Integration with national drug formulary recommendations is recommended for future evaluations and policy development. Future research should explore the long-term impact of these programmes on TB incidence rates and consider expanding the scope to include additional age groups and community sectors. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2001 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Traditional Dancer Training Programme Performance and Health Outcomes in Adolescent Boys of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Traditional Dancer Training Programmes (TDPs) are gaining recognition for their potential in promoting physical and social development among adolescent boys. A comprehensive search strategy was employed to identify relevant studies from databases focusing on TDPs for adolescent boys in Dar es Salaam between and . Studies were assessed using predefined inclusion criteria. Findings indicate that participants showed a significant improvement in dance performance (p < 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.8) with a moderate effect size compared to baseline scores. The review highlights the positive impact of TDPs on adolescent boys' physical health and engagement longevity but acknowledges the need for further longitudinal studies to establish causality. Further research should explore the long-term benefits and potential risks associated with such programmes, particularly in terms of mental health outcomes.
Public Health Surveillance System Adoption Rates in Ethiopia
Public health surveillance systems (PHSSs) play a crucial role in monitoring infectious diseases and public health emergencies in Ethiopia. Panel data estimation techniques were employed to analyse the dataset comprising regional health information systems (RHIS) data from to . The study utilised a fixed effects model to account for unobserved heterogeneity and robust standard errors were applied to quantify uncertainty in estimates. The analysis revealed that region-specific factors significantly influence PHSS adoption rates, with some regions showing higher adoption than others. For instance, urban areas had an adoption rate of 78% compared to rural areas at 65%. This study provides insights into the effectiveness and challenges faced by PHSSs in Ethiopia, highlighting the need for tailored interventions to improve coverage across different regions. Health policymakers should prioritise investments in infrastructure and training programmes to enhance the functionality of PHSSs in underserved rural areas. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2000 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Reliability Assessment of Community Health Centre Systems in Rwanda
The reliability of community health centre systems in Rwanda has been a subject of interest due to their role in providing essential healthcare services across diverse geographical regions. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining data from pre- and post-intervention surveys with in-depth interviews. The reliability assessment utilised a logistic regression model to predict CHC service delivery outcomes based on baseline characteristics. CHCs showed an increase of 15% in patient attendance rates post-intervention, though variability across different regions was noted. The quasi-experimental design revealed significant improvements in CHC reliability but highlighted the need for tailored interventions to address regional disparities. Further research should focus on implementing targeted strategies to enhance service delivery and reduce variability. Community Health Centres, Reliability Assessment, Quasi-Experimental Design, Rwanda Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.