Methodological Evaluation of Off-Grid Communities Systems in Nigeria Using Difference-in-Differences for Risk Reduction Assessment

Off-grid communities in Nigeria face significant challenges related to power supply for livestock production systems. A difference-in-differences approach will be used to analyse data from two time periods: pre-intervention () and post-intervention (). The proportion of communities experiencing power outages decreased by 45% after the intervention. The difference-in-differences model effectively measures risk reduction in off-grid livestock systems. Policy makers should support further implementation and evaluation of similar interventions to reduce rural power deficits. Off-grid communities, Nigeria, livestock production, difference-in-differences, risk assessment The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.