Methodological Evaluation of Process-Control Systems in Ghana: A Randomized Field Trial for Risk Reduction Assessment

Process-control systems are critical in managing risks within public space design and planning projects. A randomized field trial was conducted to assess the impact of process-control systems on risk reduction. Data were collected from five randomly selected public space design and planning projects across Ghana over a six-month period. In one project, implementing process-control systems led to a 20% reduction in construction delays (mean delay time: 15 days vs. 19 days with no system). Process-control systems significantly improved risk management outcomes in Ghanaian public space design projects. Public sector agencies and private contractors should adopt process-control systems to enhance safety and efficiency. public space, construction, risk reduction, process-control systems, randomized field trial The maintenance outcome was modelled as $Y_{it}=\beta_0+\beta_1X_{it}+u_i+\varepsilon_{it}$, with robustness checked using heteroskedasticity-consistent errors.