The Political Economy of Natural Resource Extraction in Central Africa has been a subject of interest for scholars within African Studies, with particular focus on Tanzania’s central region. The research employs a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative data analysis with qualitative case studies from multiple regions within Tanzania’s central zone. Data collection includes government reports, interviews with stakeholders, and field observations. A key finding is the significant variation in extraction profits across different sectors, with mining yielding higher returns compared to agriculture or forestry, particularly in terms of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. The study concludes that while natural resource extraction contributes to economic growth and development, it also exacerbates socio-economic inequalities and environmental degradation in the region. Policy recommendations include strengthening regulatory frameworks to ensure equitable distribution of benefits from resource extraction and promoting sustainable practices to mitigate adverse impacts.