Early Childhood Development (ECD) programmes are crucial for laying foundational skills that influence educational outcomes and long-term socioeconomic success in developing countries. The study employs participant observation, semi-structured interviews with stakeholders, and archival research to understand the effectiveness and sustainability of these programmes in rural and urban settings across Rwanda. Findings indicate that while initial enrollment rates were high (85% participation), sustained programme fidelity was challenging due to resource constraints and community-level variations in implementation quality. Despite challenges, ECD programmes have shown potential for improving educational outcomes and social mobility among participating children across different regions of Rwanda. Future research should focus on strengthening programme sustainability through better resource allocation and enhanced community engagement strategies.