Uganda is transitioning from a predominantly fossil fuel-based energy sector to one that includes more renewable and traditional sources. A mixed-method study combining interviews, surveys, and statistical analysis of available data from to . Biomass accounted for approximately 35% of total primary energy supply in Ugandan rural areas, with significant disparities between urban and rural sectors. Traditional biomass plays a crucial role in meeting energy needs in Uganda, particularly in rural settings. Transition pathways should prioritise enhancing access to cleaner biomass technologies. Promote subsidies for improved cookstoves; invest in research on bioenergy crops; integrate traditional biomass into national renewable energy plans. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.