This article examines Oil Dependency and Dutch Disease in South Sudan: Economic Diversification Imperatives: Rural and Urban Dimensions with a focused emphasis on South Sudan within the field of Energy. It is structured as a policy analysis article that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.