This article examines Energy Subsidies in Sub-Saharan Africa: Fiscal Cost, Distributional Impact, and Reform: Human Rights and Governance Considerations with a focused emphasis on Eswatini within the field of African Studies. It is structured as a comparative study that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.