African Development Policy Review (Interdisciplinary -
African Development Policy Review (Interdisciplinary - is a peer‑reviewed scholarly journal published under the Pan‑African Research Journals (PARJ) platform, advancing African‑centred and global research.
Adjustment and Aftermath: Structural Conditionality, Social Contract Erosion, and the Political Economy of African Conflict
This article examines how IMF and World Bank structural adjustment programmes weakened the institutional and distributive foundations through which many African states had previously managed conflict and social expectation in Uganda, Ethiopia, Sudan, Nigeria, and comparative reference to Mozambique and broader sub-Saharan adjustment experiences. It asks how adjustment-induced social-contract erosion structures political order during the 1980s to the present, with attention to long-run legacies, combining dependency theory, the political economy of international financial institutions, social contract theory, and historical institutionalism with a research design centred on historical comparative analysis of structural adjustment across African cases, panel-based linkage to conflict onset, and process tracing of adjustment-to-conflict pathways in selected states. The central argument is that the issue under study is not best explained as a discrete policy failure or a short-lived crisis. Rather, it is reproduced through linked institutional and political mechanisms that reshape incentives, authority, and access to resources over time (Stiglitz, 2002; Babb, 2005) (Dreher, 2009; Mkandawire & Soludo, 1999). Across the paper, the analysis tracks how these mechanisms operate in practice, what variation they generate, and why reform agendas that ignore the underlying political settlement rarely succeed. The article therefore contributes both a conceptual synthesis and a grounded comparative interpretation of the focal case. Its wider implication is that durable reform requires institutional redesign, political bargaining, and accountability strategies capable of reaching the real sites where power is exercised (Mosley, Harrigan, & Toye, 1991; van de Walle, 2001) (Ferguson, 200
Copyright (c) 2026 African Development Policy Review (Interdisciplinary -
Structural adjustment programmes are often evaluated in terms of macroeconomic stabilisation and fiscal reform, yet their long-term political effects have been equally consequential. Across many African states, adjustment policies reshaped the institutional and distributive foundations through which governments had previously managed conflict, mediated social expectations, and maintained political order. This study examines how these transformations contributed to the erosion of social contracts and the reconfiguration of state–society relations from the 1980s to the present. Focusing on Uganda, Ethiopia, Sudan, and Nigeria, with comparative reference to Mozambique and broader sub-Saharan experiences, the study addresses a central question: how has adjustment-induced social contract erosion influenced patterns of political order and conflict over time? Drawing on dependency theory, the political economy of international financial institutions, social contract theory, and historical institutionalism, it explores the mechanisms through which externally driven reform programmes altered incentives, authority structures, and access to resources. Methodologically, the study combines historical comparative analysis of structural adjustment across African cases with panel-based analysis linking adjustment episodes to conflict onset, alongside process tracing of adjustment-to-conflict pathways in selected states. This approach allows for both cross-case generalisation and detailed examination of causal mechanisms. The findings show that the effects of adjustment are not adequately explained as discrete policy failures or short-term crises. Instead, they are reproduced through interconnected institutional and political processes that reshape state capacity, distributive arrangeme
Eswatini (formerly known as Swaziland) is a small country in southern Africa that has historically lacked significant economic integration with its neighbors due to geopolitical and socio-economic factors. The research employs qualitative methods including participant observation, in-depth interviews, and document reviews to explore how these economic blocs affect Eswatini's economic policies and social systems. A key finding is that while both EDCO and SACU have led to increased trade volumes between member countries, the level of integration varies significantly, with SACU having a more pronounced effect on reducing tariffs and fostering cross-border cooperation. The study concludes that although economic blocs provide opportunities for growth and development, they also pose challenges related to governance and socio-economic disparities within Eswatini's borders. Given the contrasting impacts of these blocs, policymakers in Eswatini should consider adopting a flexible approach to regional integration that balances national interests with broader economic goals.
Copyright (c) 2012 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
African universities play a pivotal role in knowledge production and dissemination within their regions, particularly in fields such as African Studies. No empirical data is included; instead, a comprehensive review of existing literature and theoretical frameworks is employed to develop an understanding of university roles. This framework provides a conceptual foundation for policymakers, educators, and researchers aiming to strengthen academic hubs in Tanzania and beyond. Policymakers should prioritise investment in infrastructure, training programmes, and support systems that facilitate the creation of robust knowledge production ecosystems within universities.
Health Systems Resilience in African Epidemics
The resilience of health systems in responding to epidemics is crucial for effective public health management in Africa. A comparative analysis of available data from official health records and literature reviews to assess system performance and adaptability in crisis situations. The study identified a significant improvement in vaccine uptake during the outbreak compared to previous years (35% increase), attributed to effective communication strategies. Kenya's health system demonstrated resilience by leveraging community engagement and technological innovations, which can serve as a model for other African countries facing similar challenges. Enhanced collaboration between government, private sector, and non-governmental organizations is recommended to improve epidemic preparedness and response strategies. Health systems resilience, Epidemics, Kenya, Public health management
Copyright (c) 2011 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Land Reform and Socio-Economic Impacts in East Africa
Land reform policies in East Africa have been implemented to address issues of land tenure insecurity and promote equitable access to agricultural resources. Senegal, as a case study, has experienced significant socio-economic changes following such reforms. This study employs both qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative data are gathered through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions among farmers and local leaders. Quantitative data include household surveys to measure economic indicators such as income levels and access to land tenure security. The findings indicate a mixed impact on rural livelihoods with some farmers experiencing increased incomes due to improved land rights, while others face challenges in accessing agricultural inputs and markets. This study highlights the complexity of land reform impacts and underscores the need for tailored support strategies that address both economic opportunities and social barriers faced by affected communities. Policy recommendations include strengthening community-based organizations to facilitate access to services, enhancing market linkages, and providing financial literacy training to ensure sustainable use of improved land rights.
Community-Led Sanitation Programmes in Tanzania
Community-led sanitation programmes have been implemented in various parts of Tanzania to address water quality issues, particularly bacterial contamination in piped water systems. A mixed-methods approach combining quantitative data from microbiological analyses and qualitative interviews with community members was employed to assess programme effectiveness. During the study period, there was a significant reduction (25%) in bacterial contamination levels in piped water sources, attributed primarily to improved hygiene practices among communities. Community-led sanitation programmes have shown potential for effectively managing bacterial contamination in piped water systems, particularly when community engagement is prioritised. Further research should focus on replicating these findings across different regions and exploring the long-term sustainability of such interventions. Tanzania, Community-led Sanitation Programmes, Piped Water Bacterial Contamination, Eastern Province
Copyright (c) 2010 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Enhancing Early Childhood Development Programming Quality in Accra's Urban Slums
Early childhood development (ECD) programming in urban slums of Accra, Ghana is crucial for addressing developmental disparities among children and their parents. Parent satisfaction surveys were conducted in urban slums of Accra, employing mixed-methods including quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. The theoretical framework identifies key areas for programme improvement to better align with parent expectations and child developmental needs. Policy makers should prioritise stakeholder engagement and continuous evaluation to ensure the quality of ECD programming in urban slums.
Natural Resource Governance in Central Africa
Natural resources play a significant role in the economies of Central African countries, including Algeria, which is characterized by political instability and weak governance structures. The study employs qualitative research methods involving interviews with policy makers, civil society representatives, and academic experts to understand the current state of natural resources management in Algeria. Findings indicate that corruption is a pervasive issue within the extractive industries, affecting both revenue distribution and environmental sustainability. The political economy dynamics reveal significant challenges in resource governance, necessitating comprehensive reforms aimed at enhancing transparency and accountability. Recommendations include strengthening anti-corruption measures, increasing public participation in decision-making processes regarding natural resources, and implementing sustainable development strategies.
Copyright (c) 2009 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Credit Access and Repayment Behaviors in Microfinance
Microfinance interventions have been implemented in rural Uganda to enhance financial inclusion and promote gender equality. However, there is a need for a comprehensive theoretical framework that explores how access to credit affects repayment behaviors and economic empowerment among rural Ugandan households, particularly focusing on gender dynamics. Theoretical development will be employed through a systematic review of existing literature on microfinance, gender studies, and financial inclusion policies. A mixed-methods approach will integrate qualitative insights from case studies with quantitative data analysis using econometric models to explore causal relationships. This theoretical framework underscores the importance of addressing gender-specific challenges in microfinance programmes to maximise their impact on both repayment behaviors and economic outcomes among rural Ugandan households. Microfinance providers should adopt strategies that enhance women's financial capabilities and social support networks, thereby improving credit access and fostering sustainable repayment behaviors. Policies at national levels could include targeted interventions for gender-sensitive financial inclusion initiatives.
Ethics and Governance in African Data Ecosystems
The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) in Nigeria has led to a surge in data collection and use. A qualitative approach was employed, involving interviews with policymakers and experts in the field of AI ethics and data governance. Interviews revealed that there is a significant concern about the misuse of personal data by private sector entities, particularly in health care and financial sectors. The findings highlight the need for robust legal frameworks and ethical guidelines to protect citizens' rights while promoting innovation in AI applications. Recommendations include developing comprehensive data protection laws, enhancing public awareness campaigns on privacy issues, and establishing independent oversight bodies.
Geographic Terms: Nigerian Relevant Topic: AI Ethics
Digital Divide Methodological: Qualitative Research Theoretical: Ethical Frameworks
Copyright (c) 2008 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Policy Interventions and Longitudinal Trends in Women's Political Participation in Eastern DRC
Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has seen limited progress in women's political participation despite several policy interventions aimed at increasing it. The study employs a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative data from official election results with qualitative insights from interviews and surveys conducted among political stakeholders and community leaders across the region. A consistent trend observed is that women's representation in local governance bodies has increased by 15% over the last decade, though regional variations persist with urban areas showing higher participation rates than rural regions. While there have been modest improvements, significant disparities remain indicating a need for targeted interventions to address geographic and socio-economic inequalities. Policy makers should prioritise support programmes in underserved rural areas and focus on enhancing women's leadership skills through training initiatives.
Traditional Governance Structures and Modern Democracy in Southern Africa
This study explores traditional governance structures in Somalia from to within the context of Southern Africa and African Studies. Qualitative methods were employed through in-depth interviews with community leaders, focus group discussions with youth, and document analysis of historical and contemporary governance documents. Data triangulation was used to ensure robustness and reliability of findings. Traditional councils significantly influenced local decision-making processes during the study period, particularly in resolving disputes and implementing development projects. The proportion of women participating in these traditional bodies was notably higher than in formal government structures (60%). The integration of traditional governance with modern democracy can enhance inclusivity and legitimacy in political systems by leveraging existing community networks and practices. Policy makers should consider integrating traditional councils into the national legal framework to ensure continuity and accountability. Educational initiatives aimed at improving literacy rates among women are also recommended.
Copyright (c) 2007 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Digital Inclusion Challenges in Rural Ethiopian Communities
Digital inclusion in rural Ethiopian communities remains a significant challenge despite recent technological advancements. A mixed-methods approach combining qualitative interviews with quantitative data analysis of community surveys. Rural communities face a substantial barrier in accessing internet infrastructure, with only 30% of households having reliable broadband access. The digital divide persists due to inadequate investment and poor connectivity, necessitating targeted policy interventions. Investment in rural telecommunications networks and community training programmes are recommended to enhance digital literacy and accessibility.
Afrofuturism and African Futures in Congo
Afrofuturism is an interdisciplinary concept that explores African cultural expressions of future-oriented visions and aspirations. It has gained traction in discussions about African development, particularly in contexts where traditional narratives are insufficient to address contemporary challenges. The study employs a thematic analysis approach to analyse qualitative data from interviews with policymakers, scholars, and community representatives. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions to gather insights into current and envisioned futures for Congo. Themes of Afrofuturism in Congolese discourse include technological innovation, environmental sustainability, and cultural preservation. For example, one theme emerged with a proportion of 40% mentioning the potential role of technology in achieving socio-economic progress. Afrofuturism offers valuable insights into how future-oriented thinking can be influenced by cultural expressions and aspirations. The study highlights the importance of integrating Afrofuturist perspectives in policy-making to foster inclusive and sustainable development visions for Congo. Policy makers should consider incorporating Afrofuturist narratives in their planning processes, emphasising themes such as technological innovation and environmental sustainability to align with Congolese aspirations. Additionally, there is a need for more research on the intersection of Afrofuturism and policy making in African contexts. Afrofuturism, Congo, Future-oriented thinking, Policy-making
Copyright (c) 2006 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Impact Evaluation of Community-Based Maternal Health Care Programmes in South Sudanese Villages over Five Years
South Sudanese villages have faced significant challenges in maternal health care due to geographical isolation, limited resources, and cultural barriers. A mixed-method approach was employed, including qualitative interviews with programme participants, quantitative surveys to assess health outcomes, and longitudinal data analysis. Community engagement significantly improved maternal health practices, with a 25% reduction in maternal mortality rates and an increase of 40% in prenatal care utilization over the five-year period. The community-based programmes have demonstrated promising results in enhancing maternal healthcare outcomes but require continued support to sustain these improvements. Expand programme coverage, enhance community leadership training, and integrate health education into existing community activities.
Mobile Money Adoptions Among Middle-Class Kenyan Households
Mobile money payments have become increasingly popular in Kenya, especially among middle-class households as a convenient and secure alternative to traditional banking methods. This study employed a mixed-method approach combining quantitative data from survey responses with qualitative insights from in-depth interviews to explore the motivations and experiences of mobile money users. A notable finding was that middle-class Kenyan households conducted an average of 10 transactions per month through mobile money platforms, highlighting its widespread adoption as a financial tool. The study underscores the importance of understanding both transaction frequency and security concerns to enhance mobile money services for this demographic. Policy makers should focus on improving security features and promoting awareness campaigns about the benefits of using mobile money among middle-class Kenyan households.
Copyright (c) 2005 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Environmental Justice Movements in Resource-Rich African Nations
Environmental justice movements in resource-rich countries often face unique challenges due to their natural endowments and geopolitical contexts. The study employs qualitative analysis of historical documents, interviews with key stakeholders, and thematic content analysis to examine environmental justice movements in Libya from onwards. Findings indicate that the Libyan Environmental Justice Movement (LEJM) has been effective in influencing policy reforms but faces significant challenges related to funding and community mobilization. The LEJM's successes highlight the potential for environmental justice movements to drive positive change, though they require sustained support and strategic partnerships to overcome systemic barriers. Increased financial and technical support from international organizations is essential to sustain and expand the LEJM’s impact on policy and public awareness.
Evaluating Urban Youth Employment Programmes in Nairobi's Eastside Over Three Years
Urban youth employment programmes are crucial for addressing high unemployment rates among young people in Nairobi's Eastside, a densely populated area facing significant socio-economic challenges. A mixed methods approach was employed, integrating survey data collection through structured questionnaires with semi-structured interviews among participants and stakeholders. Quantitative data were analysed using statistical software for comprehensive evaluation. Programme participation led to a statistically significant increase in employment rates by 25% compared to the baseline year, though disparities existed based on gender and educational background. The mixed methods study revealed that while youth unemployment was reduced through targeted interventions, ongoing support is needed to address persistent challenges such as access to skills training and mentorship programmes. Policy makers should consider expanding the scope of employment programmes to include additional sectors beyond traditional trades and encourage partnerships with local businesses for sustained job creation.
Copyright (c) 2004 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Regional economic blocs play a pivotal role in Africa's development landscape, offering strategies for regional integration and economic growth. Guinea-Bissau, as a small coastal nation, exemplifies the challenges and opportunities presented by such blocs. Qualitative research methods were employed, including semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders such as government officials, private sector representatives, and civil society organizations. Secondary data from official reports and academic journals was also utilised to enrich the analysis. Key themes emerged in the study include Guinea-Bissau's strategic location facilitating trade through regional blocs, the necessity for tailored integration strategies, and the need for enhanced economic diversification to mitigate dependency on major bloc members. The findings highlight the importance of customized membership within regional blocs for optimal economic benefits while addressing potential vulnerabilities. Recommendations focus on fostering a more inclusive and resilient economic environment. Developing a comprehensive integration strategy that balances participation in multiple blocs with local needs, enhancing trade facilitation infrastructure, and promoting economic diversification are recommended steps.
Microfinance Accessibility and Gender Dynamics in Nairobi's Informal Urban Markets,
Microfinance services have emerged as a significant financial tool for marginalized populations in developing countries, including informal urban markets in Nairobi, Kenya. Qualitative research methods were employed, including participant observation, in-depth interviews with microfinance service providers and clients, and focus group discussions targeting both male and female participants. The analysis reveals a significant gender disparity in the utilization of microfinance services, with women accounting for only 30% of beneficiaries compared to men. This finding highlights the need for targeted interventions to increase accessibility for underserved populations. Microfinance services have shown mixed results in addressing gender imbalances within Nairobi's informal urban markets. Further research is needed to understand the specific barriers faced by women and potential solutions. Policy recommendations include enhancing financial literacy programmes specifically designed for female entrepreneurs, providing microcredit support tailored to meet the needs of marginalized communities, and advocating for regulatory frameworks that promote gender-sensitive practices in microfinance sectors.
Copyright (c) 2003 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This study examines the role of micro-hydro projects in enhancing rural livelihoods in Malawi by analysing their economic and social impacts. No empirical data were collected; instead, this study employs a qualitative approach to review existing literature and expert opinions on micro-hydro projects' impact on rural livelihoods in Malawi. While micro-hydro projects offer promising benefits for rural livelihoods, they require tailored strategies to overcome current challenges and ensure long-term viability. Government policies should prioritise the development of supportive frameworks that encourage private sector investment in micro-hydro systems. Additionally, community-based initiatives are essential for sustainable project implementation.
Peer counseling in schools is a widely adopted strategy to address adolescent risk behaviors such as substance abuse, sexual activity, and violence. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a sample of 500 students from four randomly selected secondary schools in Eastern Uganda. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires and validated by trained interviewers. The findings indicate that peer counseling programmes led to a significant decrease in alcohol consumption (from 42% to 30%) among the adolescent participants. School-based peer counseling programmes are effective in reducing risk behaviors among adolescents, particularly in terms of substance abuse. However, further research is needed to explore their impact on other risk behaviors and sustainability factors. Programmes should be sustained with adequate training for counselors and resources. Community involvement is also recommended to enhance programme effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2001 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Gender Dynamics in Political Power Transitions during African Post-Electoral Periods
Recent political transitions in Africa have highlighted gender dynamics within power structures. In Ghana, post-electoral periods often see shifts in leadership and policy agendas. A mixed-methods approach including quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews was employed to gather data from a diverse sample of stakeholders, including elected officials, civil servants, and community leaders across Ghana. The survey revealed that women constitute approximately 35% of political appointments in post-electoral periods, with significant disparities in ministerial positions compared to their male counterparts. Qualitative interviews highlighted the challenges faced by female politicians in garnering support and securing policy change. While progress has been made towards gender parity in certain roles, there remains a need for enhanced institutional frameworks and societal attitudes to foster inclusive political participation. Policy recommendations include strengthening anti-discrimination laws, promoting mentorship programmes for female leaders, and increasing public awareness campaigns on the importance of women's representation in governance. Ghana, Political Transitions, Gender Dynamics, Power Structures, Post-Electoral Periods
Community Participation and Mosquito Population Dynamics in Malaria Vector Control Strategies
Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in Kibera Slum, Nairobi, Kenya, where community participation is crucial for effective vector control strategies. A mixed-methods approach combining literature review and conceptual modelling to explore the complex interactions between human behaviour, environmental conditions, and mosquito population changes. The theoretical framework highlights the importance of community participation for sustainable and effective malaria control strategies in Kibera Slum. Implement community-based interventions that prioritise education, infrastructure development, and regular monitoring to enhance mosquito population reduction efforts.
Copyright (c) 2000 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Assessment of Mobile Payment Adoption among Senegalese Microbusinesses within an Economic Growth Framework in Egypt
The adoption of mobile payment systems among microbusinesses in Senegal is a subject underexplored within African Studies and economic literature. The analysis employs quantitative methods, including surveys and secondary data from relevant government databases and financial institutions. Mobile payment adoption among Senegalese microbusinesses was found to be significantly higher in urban areas (75%) compared to rural regions (40%). This study highlights the need for targeted interventions by policymakers to increase mobile payment usage across all geographic and economic sectors. Policymakers should encourage financial inclusion programmes that specifically target microbusinesses in underserved areas, thereby promoting broader adoption of mobile payments.
Geographic Terms: African Senegalese Relevant Concepts: Microfinance Economic Growth Poverty Reduction Methodological Terms: Quantitative Analysis Statistical Methods