Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices are crucial for sustainable agricultural development in Uganda's semi-arid regions. The study employs longitudinal data from farmer interviews, surveys, and field observations to explore both quantitative and qualitative aspects of CSA implementation. Farmers adopted CSA practices at varying rates: 35% reported significant yield improvements, while 20% faced challenges related to financial constraints. Adoption levels varied significantly based on farmer income levels, with higher adoption among wealthier farmers who could afford the initial investments in technology and inputs. Support programmes should prioritise training for low-income farmers and provide incentives for adopting CSA practices to ensure equitable benefits across different socio-economic groups. Climate-Smart Agriculture, Yawanwa Farmers, Northern Uganda, Adoption Dynamics