{ "background": "Railway maintenance depots are critical for operational efficiency and safety, yet their cost-effectiveness in developing economies is poorly understood. Existing evaluations often fail to account for the hierarchical structure of depot performance data, where individual depot metrics are nested within regional networks.", "purpose and objectives": "This paper develops and applies a novel multilevel regression model to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of railway maintenance depot systems. The objective is to quantify the influence of depot-level and network-level factors on maintenance expenditure efficiency.", "methodology": "A three-level hierarchical linear model was specified: Level-1 (depot-specific variables: workforce size, age of rolling stock), Level-2 (regional network characteristics), and Level-3 (system-wide policies). The core model is $y{ij} = \\beta{0j} + \\beta{1j}X{ij} + u{0j} + u{1j}X{ij} + e{ij}$, where $y_{ij}$ is the cost-effectiveness ratio for depot $i$ in region $j$. Parameters were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood with robust standard errors.", "findings": "The analysis identified that depot-level factors explained approximately 70% of the variance in cost-effectiveness. A key result is that a one-standard-deviation increase in the predictive maintenance technology index was associated with a 15.2% improvement in the cost-effectiveness ratio (95% CI: 12.8% to 17.6%). Regional-level management structure was also a significant moderator.", "conclusion": "The multilevel model provides a superior analytical framework for depot performance, confirming that both local resource allocation and higher-level organisational structures jointly determine cost-effectiveness.", "recommendations": "Infrastructure planners should prioritise investments in predictive maintenance technologies at the depot level. Concurrently, policy should be directed towards standardising regional management protocols to reduce systemic inefficiencies.", "key words": "multilevel modelling, railway maintenance, cost-effectiveness, infrastructure management, hierarchical linear model", "