Industrial pollution is a significant environmental challenge in Zambia, affecting both water and air quality. A comparative study approach was employed, analysing case studies from two major industrial sectors: mining and manufacturing. The study identified a 20% reduction in particulate matter emissions when implementing best available techniques (BATS) compared to baseline conditions. Environmental regulations and BATS implementation significantly improve air quality, warranting broader adoption across Zambian industries. Governments should enforce stricter environmental standards and provide financial incentives for companies adopting BATS. Industrial pollution; Environmental engineering; Zambia; Best Available Techniques (BATS); Air Quality Improvement The maintenance outcome was modelled as $Y_{it}=\beta_0+\beta_1X_{it}+u_i+\varepsilon_{it}$, with robustness checked using heteroskedasticity-consistent errors.