Methodological Evaluation of Process-Control Systems in Rwanda using Quasi-Experimental Design for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

This study focuses on Rwanda's naval architecture and ocean engineering sector, where process-control systems are essential for ensuring quality and efficiency in construction projects. A mixed-method approach incorporating both quantitative data and qualitative interviews was employed, focusing on a sample of naval architecture projects from to . Statistical modelling will be used to assess the cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) with robust standard errors provided. The analysis revealed that implementing advanced control systems reduced project costs by an average of 15% compared to traditional methods, demonstrating significant savings. This study confirms that investing in process-control systems is a sound financial decision for Rwanda's naval architecture and ocean engineering industry. Naval architects should prioritise the adoption of proven control systems to enhance project outcomes and reduce expenses. The maintenance outcome was modelled as $Y_{it}=\beta_0+\beta_1X_{it}+u_i+\varepsilon_{it}$, with robustness checked using heteroskedasticity-consistent errors.