{ "background": "Maintenance systems for transport depots in developing nations are critical for infrastructure resilience, yet systematic evaluations of their risk reduction efficacy are scarce. Existing approaches often lack robust, longitudinal data analysis, hindering evidence-based investment and policy.", "purpose and objectives": "This study aims to methodologically evaluate maintenance systems for transport depots and to quantify their effectiveness in reducing operational and structural risks. The primary objective is to develop and apply a panel-data estimation model to measure risk reduction outcomes.", "methodology": "A comparative study was conducted using operational data from a sample of depots. A fixed-effects panel regression model was employed to isolate the impact of maintenance system interventions. The core specification is $Risk{it} = \\alphai + \\beta1 System{it} + \\beta2 X{it} + \\epsilon_{it}$, where robust standard errors were clustered at the depot level to account for serial correlation.", "findings": "The analysis indicates a statistically significant negative relationship between implemented maintenance systems and recorded risk indices. Specifically, the adoption of structured systems was associated with an estimated 22% reduction in major incident frequency. The coefficient for the system variable was -0.248 with a 95% confidence interval of [-0.412, -0.084].", "conclusion": "Methodologically, panel-data estimation provides a robust framework for evaluating infrastructure maintenance systems. Empirically, structured maintenance protocols are conclusively linked to measurable risk mitigation in the studied context.", "recommendations": "Depot operators should institutionalise documented maintenance systems aligned with the evaluated protocols. Policymakers are advised to integrate such panel-data evaluation methodologies into national infrastructure audit frameworks to guide targeted investment.", "key words": "infrastructure maintenance, risk reduction, panel data, fixed-effects model, transport engineering, asset management", "contribution statement": "This paper provides a novel application of econometric panel-data methods to engineering maintenance systems, producing the first quantitative, longitudinal evidence of risk reduction efficacy for Rw