Methodological Evaluation of Smallholder Farm Systems in Senegal: A Multilevel Regression Analysis for Yield Improvement

Smallholder farming systems in Senegal face challenges in achieving optimal yields despite efforts to improve agricultural productivity. A systematic literature review was conducted, focusing on studies published between and . The analysis included 48 articles from various databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online (AJOL). Studies were selected based on their relevance to yield improvement in smallholder farming systems in Senegal. The multilevel regression models identified a significant effect of soil fertility management practices on crop yields with an estimated coefficient of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.68-0.82). Multilevel regression analysis proved to be a robust method for assessing yield improvement in smallholder farming systems, providing insights into the effectiveness of specific interventions. Further research should focus on validating these models across different regions and seasons in Senegal to ensure their applicability and reliability. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.