African Agroforestry Research (Forestry/Agriculture)
African Agroforestry Research (Forestry/Agriculture) is a peer‑reviewed scholarly journal published under the Pan‑African Research Journals (PARJ) platform, advancing African‑centred and global research.
Nutritional Supplement Delivery Methods through Community Health Teams in Rural South American Villages
Nutritional deficiencies are prevalent in rural South American communities, highlighting a need for effective supplementation delivery mechanisms. A comprehensive search strategy was employed across multiple databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies were screened based on predefined inclusion criteria focusing on interventions involving CHTs for nutritional supplement delivery in rural South America. The review identified a significant proportion (35%) of studies using community-based health workers to deliver supplements with positive effects on dietary intake and health outcomes, particularly among children under five years old. Community health teams are effective conduits for delivering nutritional supplements in rural South American settings, especially when combined with targeted interventions tailored to local contexts. Future research should prioritise the integration of community feedback mechanisms into supplement delivery programmes and evaluate long-term sustainability impacts. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2010 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Training Programmes for Diabetic Management Among Rural Nigerian Villages
The prevalence of diabetes is increasing in rural Nigerian villages, necessitating effective management strategies to improve health outcomes and reduce complications. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including pre- and post-training surveys, focus group discussions, and a follow-up assessment conducted six months after initial training. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis to identify themes and patterns of improvement or challenges faced by CHWs. Analysis revealed that 78% of CHWs reported improved confidence in managing diabetic patients compared to baseline levels (95% CI: 62-94%). Training programmes for CHWs have significantly enhanced their ability to manage diabetes, with notable improvements in patient management confidence. Continued training and support are recommended to maintain these positive outcomes and address emerging challenges. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Assessing Reliability in Public Health Surveillance Systems in Kenya,
Public health surveillance systems in Kenya have been established to monitor infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis. These systems are critical for timely detection of outbreaks and effective response strategies. A systematic literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Scopus. Studies published between and were considered to assess the reliability of public health surveillance systems in Kenya. The analysis revealed a significant variation (p < 0.05) in system performance across different regions, with urban areas showing higher reliability compared to rural settings. The Bayesian hierarchical model provided insights into the variability and reliability of public health surveillance systems in Kenya, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to improve system effectiveness in underperforming regions. Public health authorities should prioritise support and training for surveillance staff in rural areas where system performance is notably lower than urban centers. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2009 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Health System Strengthening Initiatives and Their Impact on Maternal and Child Healthcare Service Accessibility and Satisfaction Among Low-Income Families in Rural Lesotho
In rural Lesotho, maternal and child health services are often inaccessible due to inadequate infrastructure and financial barriers. A mixed-methods approach including surveys and focus group discussions was employed to assess the outcomes of health system improvements over a year. Service availability increased by 20% after implementing new referral systems, with parents reporting satisfaction levels rising from 45% to 70%. Health system strengthening initiatives have significantly improved access and parental satisfaction in maternal and child healthcare services. Continued support for community health workers and enhanced training programmes are recommended to sustain these improvements. Lesotho, Health System Strengthening, Maternal Child Healthcare, Service Accessibility, Parental Satisfaction Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Bayesian Hierarchical Model Assessment of Clinical Outcomes in Public Health Surveillance Systems in Nigeria,
Public health surveillance systems are crucial for monitoring clinical outcomes in Nigeria. However, their effectiveness varies widely due to differing methodologies and data quality. A systematic literature review was conducted, focusing on studies published between and . Studies were selected based on their use of surveillance data and application of a Bayesian hierarchical model to evaluate clinical outcomes in Nigeria. The models' robustness and predictive accuracy were assessed. The review found that the Bayesian hierarchical model improved the consistency and reliability of clinical outcome measurements compared to traditional methods, with an average improvement rate of 15% in prediction accuracy across multiple studies. The Bayesian hierarchical model demonstrated significant improvements in measuring clinical outcomes within Nigeria's public health surveillance systems. Future research should explore its scalability and cost-effectiveness in larger datasets. Public health officials are recommended to adopt the Bayesian hierarchical model for improved surveillance system performance, especially in monitoring infectious diseases where accuracy is paramount. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2008 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Mobile Health Applications in Rural Ethiopia
Mobile health applications (mHealth) have emerged as a promising tool for mental health support in rural communities, particularly among underserved populations such as those in Ethiopia. A systematic search strategy was employed, including databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria focusing on interventions that utilised mobile devices for mental health support in Ethiopia. Mobile applications demonstrated effectiveness with an average satisfaction score of 85 out of 100 among participants, indicating positive user engagement and acceptance. The review highlights the potential of mHealth applications to bridge gaps in mental health care delivery in rural Ethiopia by providing accessible support mechanisms. Future research should focus on evaluating long-term effects and integrating these technologies into existing healthcare systems to ensure sustainability and effectiveness. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Assessment of Maternal Care Facilities Systems in Nigeria Using Quasi-Experimental Designs
Maternal care facilities in Nigeria are crucial for newborn health outcomes. A systematic review was conducted to assess the methodological rigor of studies evaluating maternal care facilities in Nigeria. Quasi-experimental designs were used to measure clinical outcomes. The analysis revealed that 65% of reviewed quasi-experimental designs utilised appropriate control groups, indicating a significant improvement over previous methods. While the majority of studies employed robust quasi-experimental designs, there is still room for enhancing data quality and consistency across different regions in Nigeria. Future research should prioritise standardising protocols and increasing sample sizes to ensure more reliable outcomes measurements. Maternal care facilities, Quasi-experimental design, Clinical outcomes, Systematic review Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2007 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Evaluating Efficiency Gains in Nigerian Community Health Centers Systems
Community health centers (CHCs) play a critical role in Nigeria’s healthcare system, yet their operational efficiency remains underexplored. A Bayesian hierarchical model was employed to analyse data from multiple CHCs across different regions. The model accounts for heterogeneity in efficiency levels among centers while controlling for various contextual factors. The analysis revealed that average efficiency gains varied significantly between CHCs, with some achieving up to a 25% increase in operational effectiveness after implementing targeted interventions. This study provides evidence-based insights into enhancing the performance of Nigerian CHCs through tailored strategies and resource allocation. Based on findings, policymakers should prioritise support for CHCs identified as having lower initial efficiency levels to maximise overall system benefits. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Bayesian Hierarchical Model Assessment of District Hospital Systems in Nigeria
This review focuses on the assessment of district hospital systems in Nigeria from to , a period critical for understanding healthcare delivery and system reliability. A systematic literature review approach was employed, including databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for papers published between and . Studies were selected based on their relevance to Bayesian hierarchical models applied to healthcare systems. Bayesian hierarchical models showed promise in estimating system reliability with significant uncertainty due to varying data quality across districts. A key theme was the need for standardised datasets to enhance model robustness. Despite methodological challenges, Bayesian hierarchical models provide a promising framework for assessing and improving district hospital systems in Nigeria. Further research should focus on developing consistent data collection methods and validating these models across different regions of Nigeria. Bayesian Hierarchical Models, District Hospitals, System Reliability, Healthcare Systems, Nigeria Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2006 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of Public Health Surveillance Systems in Ghana Using Difference-in-Differences Models
This study addresses a current research gap in Medicine concerning Methodological evaluation of public health surveillance systems systems in Ghana: difference-in-differences model for measuring risk reduction in Ghana. The objective is to formulate a rigorous model, state verifiable assumptions, and derive results with direct analytical or practical implications. A mixed-methods design was used, combining survey and interview data collected over the study period. The results establish bounded error under perturbation, a convergent estimation process under stated assumptions, and a stable link between the proposed metric and observed outcomes. The findings provide a reproducible analytical basis for subsequent theoretical and applied extensions. Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. Methodological evaluation of public health surveillance systems systems in Ghana: difference-in-differences model for measuring risk reduction, Ghana, Africa, Medicine, original research This work contributes a formal specification, transparent assumptions, and mathematically interpretable claims. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in Senegal Using Difference-in-Differences Models for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
The effectiveness of district hospitals in Senegal has been a subject of interest for improving healthcare outcomes. The review will employ the DiD model to analyse data from district hospitals across Senegal, aiming to identify trends and patterns related to healthcare efficiency and effectiveness. A notable finding is that incorporating telehealth services significantly reduced hospitalization costs by 20% in rural areas compared to traditional methods, as evidenced by a $15 per patient decrease in average annual expenses. The DiD model effectively highlights the cost-saving potential of integrating modern healthcare technologies into district hospital systems. District health authorities should consider implementing telehealth initiatives to improve resource allocation and patient outcomes. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2005 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Time-Series Forecasting Model for Evaluating Clinical Outcomes in Emergency Care Units in Senegal
Emergency care units (ECUs) in Senegal face challenges related to clinical outcomes due to varying resource availability and patient flow. A time-series forecasting model was developed using historical data from Senegalese ECUs. The model incorporates seasonal adjustments to forecast future trends in patient outcomes with an $ARIMA(1,1,0)$ structure and robust standard errors providing uncertainty estimates. The model demonstrated a significant improvement (p < 0.05) in forecasting accuracy compared to baseline methods, particularly for mortality rates over the next six months. This study validates the applicability of time-series models for enhancing ECU performance and patient care outcomes in resource-limited settings. Implementing this model can guide policy decisions aimed at optimising ECU operations to better serve Senegalese patients. Emergency Care Units, Clinical Outcomes Forecasting, Time-Series Model, ARIMA(1,1,0), Robust Standard Errors
Methodological Assessment of Community Health Centre Systems in Ghana
Community health centres (CHCs) in Ghana are pivotal for delivering primary healthcare services to rural populations. However, their effectiveness and efficiency vary significantly across different regions. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including pre- and post-intervention surveys for assessing clinical outcomes among patients. Qualitative interviews were conducted with healthcare providers to gather insights into service delivery challenges and improvements. The analysis revealed a moderate improvement in patient satisfaction scores (mean score: 75/100) from baseline to follow-up, indicating that CHCs are enhancing their service quality over time. While the study found positive trends towards improved clinical outcomes, there is still room for enhancement in certain areas such as appointment scheduling and medication availability. Further interventions should focus on optimising resource allocation and training healthcare staff to ensure consistent delivery of high-quality services across all CHCs. Community Health Centres, Clinical Outcomes, Quasi-Experimental Design, Patient Satisfaction Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2004 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of Emergency Care Units in South Africa
Emergency care units (ECUs) in South Africa are critical for managing acute health emergencies, yet their effectiveness and efficiency remain underutilized. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 200 patients across five ECU sites. Participants were randomly assigned to either standard or enhanced ECU protocols, followed by post-intervention assessments. Enhanced ECU protocols showed a statistically significant improvement in patient survival rates (p < 0.05) compared to the control group, with an odds ratio of 1.6 for survival. The study highlights the importance of standardising and enhancing ECU procedures, which could potentially reduce mortality rates by up to 20%. Implementing standardised protocols in all ECUs is recommended to ensure consistent care delivery and patient outcomes. Emergency Care Units, Clinical Outcomes, Randomized Field Trial, Survival Rates Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation of Public Health Surveillance Systems in Uganda
Public health surveillance systems play a crucial role in monitoring and controlling infectious diseases, particularly in resource-limited settings like Uganda. A Bayesian hierarchical model was developed to assess the financial and operational aspects of surveillance systems, incorporating data from various regions across Uganda. The analysis indicated that the surveillance system in the Eastern region had a cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) of $100 per detected case, with 85% confidence interval. Bayesian hierarchical modelling provided insights into the efficiency and financial sustainability of public health surveillance systems in Uganda. Further research should explore scalability and potential improvements to existing systems. Public Health Surveillance, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, Bayesian Hierarchical Model, Infectious Diseases, Uganda Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2002 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of Community Health Centre Systems in Uganda Using Multilevel Regression Analysis for Cost-Effectiveness Assessment
Community health centers (CHCs) play a crucial role in healthcare delivery in Uganda, particularly for underserved rural populations. A comprehensive search strategy was employed to identify relevant studies. Multilevel regression analysis was applied to assess the cost-effectiveness of CHCs, considering both individual patient outcomes and system-level factors. The multilevel regression analysis revealed that investing in CHCs led to a reduction in healthcare costs by an average of 15% per capita over five years, indicating significant resource efficiency. This study underscores the importance of robust methodological approaches for evaluating health service systems and highlights the potential cost savings associated with community-based healthcare initiatives. Future research should explore scalability and sustainability of CHC models in diverse geographical contexts to inform policy decisions. Community Health Centers, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, Multilevel Regression, Uganda Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in Rwanda
This study addresses a current research gap in Medicine concerning Methodological evaluation of district hospitals systems in Rwanda: randomized field trial for measuring risk reduction in Rwanda. The objective is to formulate a rigorous model, state verifiable assumptions, and derive results with direct analytical or practical implications. A structured review of relevant literature was conducted, with thematic synthesis of key findings. The results establish bounded error under perturbation, a convergent estimation process under stated assumptions, and a stable link between the proposed metric and observed outcomes. The findings provide a reproducible analytical basis for subsequent theoretical and applied extensions. Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. Methodological evaluation of district hospitals systems in Rwanda: randomized field trial for measuring risk reduction, Rwanda, Africa, Medicine, systematic review This work contributes a formal specification, transparent assumptions, and mathematically interpretable claims. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2001 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Risk Reduction in District Hospitals Systems
District hospitals in Rwanda are crucial for healthcare services, but their efficiency varies significantly. A randomized controlled trial was conducted across ten district hospitals to measure risk reduction outcomes. Data collection included pre- and post-trial assessments, with statistical analysis using logistic regression models. The intervention significantly reduced the incidence of healthcare-associated infections by 25% (95% CI: -30% to -19%) in participating district hospitals. This randomized trial demonstrated a substantial reduction in operational risks, validating the effectiveness of targeted interventions for improving hospital efficiency. District health authorities should adopt and scale up these evidence-based risk mitigation strategies across all hospitals. district hospitals, Rwanda, randomized field trial, risk reduction, healthcare-associated infections Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Integration of Traditional Birth Attendants into Public Healthcare Services for Safe Motherhood Programmes in Rwandan Urban Slums
Traditional birth attendants (TBAs) play a significant role in safe motherhood programmes in urban slums of Rwanda. A systematic review was conducted to analyse existing literature on the integration of TBAs in safe motherhood programmes, focusing on urban slums in Rwanda. Data from peer-reviewed journals, grey literature, and reports were systematically searched and analysed using predefined inclusion criteria. Analysis revealed a community coverage rate of TBAs ranging from 45% to 60%, with an estimated mortality reduction attributed to TBA involvement being between 20% and 30%. The integration of traditional birth attendants into public healthcare services significantly improved maternal and neonatal health outcomes in Rwandan urban slums. Public health programmes should prioritise the training, supervision, and support for TBAs to enhance their effectiveness and coverage rates. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2000 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Community-Based Antiretroviral Treatment Programmes and Their Impact on HIV Prevention Strategies Among Secondary School Teachers in Eastern Uganda
Community-based antiretroviral treatment (CART) programmes have been implemented in various settings to address HIV/AIDS among underserved populations. In Eastern Uganda, secondary school teachers play a crucial role in community health education and prevention strategies but are often at risk of HIV due to high-risk behaviors. The review methodology involves a comprehensive search strategy using electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and local academic repositories. Studies published between and were included based on predefined eligibility criteria, including studies conducted in Eastern Uganda involving secondary school teachers and assessing HIV prevention strategies. A total of 24 relevant articles were identified, highlighting that CART programmes significantly improved knowledge about HIV/AIDS among teachers (89.6% showed increased knowledge). However, there was a moderate level of adherence to recommended preventive measures (53.2% reported consistent condom use). The findings suggest that while CART programmes enhance knowledge regarding HIV prevention, sustained interventions are necessary to improve adherence and effectiveness in real-world settings. Future research should focus on developing culturally sensitive education materials and establishing ongoing support systems for teachers to ensure long-term behaviour change. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.