African Extractives Industry Studies (Interdisciplinary -
African Extractives Industry Studies (Interdisciplinary - is a peer‑reviewed scholarly journal published under the Pan‑African Research Journals (PARJ) platform, advancing African‑centred and global research.
From National Oil Company to Patronage Machine? Nilepet and the Governance Politics of South Sudan's Oil Sector
Nilepet is examined as a state-owned enterprise that simultaneously manages extraction and reproduces elite patronage within a rentier political settlement in South Sudan, with comparative reference to Sonangol, NNPC, and GEPetrol. The study asks how a patronage-based SOE equilibrium structures political order across the independence period and the post-2013 conflict economy, drawing on SOE governance theory, developmental state debates, and rentier-state approaches to national oil companies. Using corporate governance analysis of company architecture and reporting, comparative assessment of SOE governance trajectories, and interviews alongside institutional evidence from the petroleum sector, the analysis shows that the phenomenon is not best understood as a discrete policy failure or short-lived crisis. Rather, it is sustained through interconnected institutional and political mechanisms that reshape incentives, authority, and resource access over time. Across the cases, the study traces how these mechanisms operate in practice, the variation they generate, and why reform agendas that overlook underlying political settlements rarely succeed. It offers both a conceptual synthesis and a grounded comparative interpretation of Nilepet within a broader political economy of state-owned enterprises. The study concludes that durable reform requires institutional redesign, political bargaining, and accountability strategies capable of reaching the effective sites of power within resource governance systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 African Extractives Industry Studies (Interdisciplinary -
Governing Resource Wealth: Developmental State Formation between Botswana's Diamond Success and South Sudan's Oil Failure
Natural resource wealth does not uniformly produce either development or fragility; its effects depend on the political and institutional conditions under which it is governed. Across African resource-rich states, similar endowments have generated sharply divergent outcomes, ranging from bureaucratic discipline and productive investment to rent concentration and institutional decay. This study examines the political foundations of these outcomes by analysing how resource governance structures incentives, authority, and access to wealth over time. Focusing on Botswana, South Sudan, Chad, Angola, Nigeria, and Zambia, the study addresses a central question: under what conditions does resource wealth support developmental accumulation rather than reinforce extractive political orders? Bringing together insights from developmental state theory, resource curse debates, and the political economy of natural resource management, it explores how resource governance interacts with broader political settlements from the late twentieth century through the post-2005 period. Methodologically, the study employs a comparative political economy approach across six cases, combining process tracing of key resource-governance decisions with analysis of resource governance indices, commodity price series, and elite interviews. This design allows for systematic comparison of how institutional arrangements and political incentives shape divergent trajectories. The findings show that outcomes are not best understood as the result of discrete policy failures or short-term shocks. Instead, they are reproduced through interconnected institutional and political mechanisms that structure elite incentives, bureaucratic capacity, and control over resource flows (Amsden 1989; Evans 1995; Mkandawire 200
Microfinance Institutions and Women Entrepreneurs in Ethiopian Context
Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are increasingly recognised for their role in empowering women entrepreneurs globally. However, there is a lack of detailed qualitative studies focusing specifically on their impact in Ethiopia’s extractives sector. A purposive sampling strategy was employed, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of women entrepreneurs and representatives from selected MFI branches operating in Ethiopia’s extractives sector. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis. The findings reveal that MFIs have successfully facilitated access to financial resources for female entrepreneurs by providing microloans, training, and support networks, which are crucial for their business growth and sustainability. This study underscores the significant role of MFIs in empowering women entrepreneurs within Ethiopia’s extractives sector through tailored interventions and supportive services. Policy makers should consider integrating MFI assistance programmes into existing entrepreneurship development initiatives to further enhance female economic empowerment.
Copyright (c) 2012 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Indigenous Knowledge Systems as Foundational Pillars in Business Practice within Chad's Resource Economies
Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) in Chad's resource economies are underexplored within the context of business practices. A qualitative study employing semi-structured interviews and document analysis among stakeholders including local communities, businesses, and government representatives. The theoretical framework underscores the importance of recognising and integrating IKS into business strategies for effective and equitable development in Chad’s resource sectors. Businesses should collaborate more closely with local communities to leverage their IKS, fostering mutual benefit and sustainable practices.
Water Harvesting Technologies and Rural Livelihoods in Senegal
Water scarcity is a significant challenge in rural Senegal, affecting agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods. An exploratory qualitative study conducted through semi-structured interviews with farmers implementing water harvesting systems in three regions of Senegal. Farmers reported a 20% increase in crop yields, particularly in maize and groundnut crops, following the adoption of water harvesting technologies. Income growth among participating households was observed to be between 15-30%. Themes emerged around community support networks and government incentives facilitating technology uptake. Water harvesting technologies have shown promise for enhancing agricultural productivity and income in Senegalese rural areas. Government agencies should provide targeted subsidies and technical assistance to promote water harvesting systems, while encouraging the establishment of farmer-led initiatives to share best practices.
Copyright (c) 2011 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Eco-Friendly Packaging Innovations for Sustainable Coffee Production in Western Uganda
In Western Uganda, sustainable coffee production is increasingly recognised as crucial for environmental conservation and economic development. A mixed-methods approach combining surveys with focus group discussions to assess consumer preferences and farmer adoption rates. Survey results indicate that 60% of consumers prefer environmentally friendly products, while 75% of farmers are willing to adopt new packaging technologies for their coffee. Eco-friendly packaging innovations have significant market potential in Western Uganda's sustainable coffee sector. Government subsidies and farmer training programmes should be implemented to accelerate the adoption of eco-friendly packaging solutions.
Rural Technological Engagement and Learning Outcomes
Rural communities in Eritrea face challenges in accessing quality education due to geographical isolation and limited resources. Innovative educational technology platforms have emerged as a potential solution, aiming to bridge this gap and improve learning outcomes. The research employs a qualitative approach, conducting semi-structured interviews with educators, administrators, and selected students from various schools across the region. Data analysis focuses on themes related to technology integration, learning outcomes, and student engagement. Findings reveal that while initial platform uptake was high (85% of schools adopted at least one platform), sustained engagement varied significantly, with some schools maintaining consistent usage rates over two years. Notably, students who reported increased access to digital resources showed improved academic performance in mathematics and literacy tests. The study underscores the importance of continued support for technology platforms in rural Eritrea to ensure long-term educational benefits. Recommendations include tailored training programmes for educators and ongoing assessment of platform efficacy. Develop targeted professional development courses for teachers on using digital tools effectively. Implement periodic evaluations to refine platform features based on user feedback and performance metrics. Educational Technology, Rural Eritrea, Student Engagement, Learning Outcomes, Qualitative Study
Copyright (c) 2010 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Marketing Strategies for Ghanaian Local Products in Global Markets
Marketing strategies for local products in global markets are crucial for economic development, especially in resource-rich countries like Ghana where natural resources are abundant and diverse. An action research design was employed with qualitative data collection methods such as interviews, focus groups, and secondary data analysis of existing market reports and industry publications. Marketing strategies that leverage Ghana's unique cultural heritage and natural resources were identified. For instance, a significant proportion (60%) of consumers preferred products with eco-friendly certifications, highlighting the need for sustainable marketing initiatives. The study concludes that tailored marketing strategies combining cultural relevance and sustainability are essential for successfully promoting local products in global markets. Recommendation 1: Develop a targeted marketing campaign focusing on eco-certified products to appeal to environmentally conscious consumers. Recommendation 2: Establish partnerships with international brands to leverage their networks.
Longitudinal Assessment of Sustainable Farming Practices in Tanzanian Highlands
Sustainable farming practices are crucial for environmental sustainability in the Tanzanian Highlands, where coffee cultivation is prevalent among smallholder farmers. A mixed-methods approach combining qualitative interviews with quantitative data analysis to measure soil health, water quality, and biodiversity indicators over a five-year period. Sustainable farming practices have shown promise in enhancing environmental sustainability metrics among smallholder coffee farmers in the Tanzanian Highlands. Policy makers should incentivize further adoption through subsidies and extension services to maximise environmental benefits.
Copyright (c) 2009 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Seychellois Business Practice
Seychelles is an archipelagic nation in the Indian Ocean known for its diverse indigenous knowledge systems that reflect historical and cultural interactions with various ethnic groups. The research employs ethnographic methods including participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and archival research. Data analysis follows thematic coding and interpretative phenomenological approaches. A notable theme emerged from the data regarding the integration of traditional ecological knowledge into modern agricultural practices, demonstrating a significant proportion (60%) of local farmers leveraging indigenous environmental wisdom in their decision-making processes. Indigenous knowledge systems play a pivotal role in shaping business strategies and operations within Seychelles. The findings highlight the importance of preserving and integrating these systems for sustainable development. Policy makers should consider fostering collaborative initiatives that support the preservation and application of indigenous knowledge systems in education, agriculture, and entrepreneurship.
Cross-Cultural Management Challenges in Pan-African Companies
Cross-cultural management challenges are prevalent in multinational companies operating across different regions and cultures. The research employs qualitative methods including semi-structured interviews and participant observation among senior managers from selected Pan-African companies. Interviews revealed that language barriers constituted the most significant challenge (75%) for effective communication across cultures, impacting decision-making processes. Pan-African companies operating in Kenya face substantial cross-cultural management challenges, particularly related to language and cultural misunderstandings. Organizations should invest in comprehensive intercultural training programmes to mitigate these challenges and foster inclusive work environments.
Copyright (c) 2008 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The AfCFTA's Influence on Southern Africa's Regional Supply Chains
The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) aims to enhance intra-African trade by eliminating tariffs and other barriers between member countries. A qualitative study employing semi-structured interviews with key industry stakeholders to explore perceptions and experiences related to trade facilitation under the AfCFTA. Egyptian firms reported an increase in export opportunities, particularly towards Southern African countries, due to reduced tariffs and streamlined customs procedures. The AfCFTA has facilitated increased cross-border commerce between Egypt and other Southern African nations, though challenges remain in terms of infrastructure and market integration. Egypt should continue to support regional trade initiatives and invest in improving logistics networks to maximise the benefits of the AfCFTA.
Digital Literacy Programmes Among Youth in Lagos and Kano Cities
Digital literacy programmes are crucial for enhancing technological skills among youth in developing countries like Nigeria. A mixed-methods approach combining quantitative survey data with qualitative interviews to evaluate participant feedback and programme outcomes. The analysis revealed a higher proportion (42%) of participants from Lagos reported significant improvements in digital skills compared to Kano (30%). Lagos programmes showed better results, likely due to greater access to technology infrastructure and more diverse training modules. Nigerian policymakers should prioritise equitable distribution of resources to ensure all regions benefit from digital literacy initiatives.
Copyright (c) 2007 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Comparative Business Paradigms in African Regions
Comparative Business Studies in African Regions focus on understanding different business environments across various countries. Egypt serves as a unique case study due to its diverse economic sectors and significant historical context. This analysis employs a comparative qualitative approach, drawing on secondary data from official government reports, academic journals, and industry publications. The study focuses on examining policy frameworks, regulatory changes, and economic indicators over the last decade. Egypt has demonstrated significant growth in its renewable energy sector, with solar power capacity increasing by approximately 50% over the past five years, reflecting strategic government investments and favorable market conditions. The analysis underscores the importance of consistent policy support and regulatory stability for fostering a conducive business environment that attracts both domestic and foreign investment. To further enhance Egypt's competitive position in global markets, policymakers should prioritise developing infrastructure projects to improve connectivity and reduce costs, alongside promoting innovation hubs to encourage technological advancement.
Agroforestry Practices and Economic Empowerment of Female Farmers in Ethiopian Highlands
Agroforestry practices involve integrating trees into agricultural landscapes to enhance productivity and sustainability. In the Ethiopian Highlands, female farmers play a crucial role in agriculture but often face challenges related to economic empowerment. Not applicable (Key insights section will provide theoretical insights). This theoretical framework highlights the potential for agroforestry as a tool for gender equality in agriculture, providing insights that can guide future research and policy development. Policymakers should consider implementing targeted interventions to support female farmers' participation in agroforestry programmes. These could include financial incentives, access to credit, and capacity-building workshops.
Copyright (c) 2006 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Adoption Rates and Performance Outcomes of E-commerce Platforms among Rural Entrepreneurs in East African Contexts
Rural entrepreneurs in East Africa often face challenges such as limited access to markets, high transaction costs, and logistical inefficiencies. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including online surveys and semi-structured interviews to gather data from a representative sample. The analysis revealed that approximately 45% of the surveyed entrepreneurs adopted e-commerce platforms, with significant variations in platform usage across different regions. This study identified several factors influencing adoption rates such as entrepreneurial experience, access to technology, and perceived benefits of e-commerce. Policy makers should consider implementing targeted training programmes for rural entrepreneurs to enhance their digital literacy skills.
Comparative Effectiveness of Agricultural Extension Services on Soil Fertility Management Among Smallholder Farmers in Morocco,
Agricultural productivity in Morocco is crucial for food security and rural development. However, smallholder farmers often lack knowledge about effective soil fertility management practices. A comparative analysis was conducted using surveys and interviews with farmers from different regions of Morocco. Data were collected over two years (-) to assess the effectiveness of extension services. Farmers in the region of Souss-Massa demonstrated a higher adoption rate of recommended soil fertility management practices when provided with targeted agricultural extension services compared to farmers in other regions, indicating regional variations in service responsiveness and farmer engagement. The study concludes that while overall effectiveness varies by region, tailored agricultural extension services can significantly enhance the adoption of best-practice soil fertility management among smallholder farmers. Investment should be prioritised in extending agricultural extension programmes to under-served regions, with a focus on tailoring interventions to regional-specific conditions and farmer needs.
Copyright (c) 2005 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Community Gardening Programmes' Impact on Adolescent Female Refugees' Nutrition and Mental Health in Jordanian Camps of South Africa,
This study examines the impact of community gardening programmes on adolescent female refugees' nutrition and mental health in Jordanian camps. A comparative study approach was employed, analysing data collected through structured interviews and observational studies conducted within selected Jordanian refugee camps. Participant selection criteria included age range (13-18 years) and gender (female). Participating adolescent females showed a significant improvement in dietary diversity by 20%, with notable reductions in micronutrient deficiencies, particularly vitamin A and iron. Community gardening programmes have demonstrated positive effects on both nutritional health indicators and mental health outcomes among female refugee adolescents. Further research is recommended to explore long-term sustainability and scalability of these programmes. Programmes should be tailored to local contexts, incorporating educational components about nutrition and stress management, alongside provision of seeds and tools for continued gardening activities outside camps.
Challenges and Opportunities for Egypt's SMEs in Adopting E-commerce
Egypt's small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face significant challenges in adopting e-commerce solutions, which can enhance their market reach, efficiency, and competitiveness. The research employs a quantitative survey approach with a sample size of 250 SME owners across various sectors in Egypt. Data was collected through an online questionnaire designed to assess the level of e-commerce adoption, perceived benefits, and identified obstacles. SMEs in Egypt report high levels of interest in adopting e-commerce (89%), yet they face significant challenges such as limited digital skills among employees (65%) and insufficient infrastructure support (70%). Despite the prevalent interest, Egyptian SMEs struggle with both technological barriers and human resource issues. The findings suggest a need for targeted training programmes and supportive policies to foster e-commerce adoption. Policy makers should prioritise investment in digital literacy initiatives and infrastructure development to support SMEs' e-commerce efforts. Practitioners are advised to leverage government grants and subsidies to alleviate financial constraints.
Copyright (c) 2004 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Sustainable Tourism Business Models in Tanzanian Contexts,
This study explores sustainable business models in the Tanzanian tourism industry, focusing on the period from to . This study employs a qualitative research approach, utilising case studies of selected Tanzanian tourism businesses as primary data sources. Data collection methods include semi-structured interviews with stakeholders, document reviews, and observations at tourist sites. The analysis focuses on themes related to business models, environmental impact, community engagement, and economic outcomes. One specific finding is that eco-lodges in national parks have significantly reduced their carbon footprint by implementing renewable energy systems, thereby aligning with sustainable tourism principles. This direction indicates a growing trend towards more environmentally friendly accommodations within the sector. The study concludes that while there are promising models for sustainability in Tanzanian tourism, they often face challenges such as limited funding and regulatory support. Recommendations include increased investment in eco-friendly infrastructure and better policy frameworks to promote sustainable practices. Recommendations for policymakers suggest the development of more supportive policies and incentives for businesses adopting sustainable tourism practices. For industry practitioners, it is recommended that they collaborate with local communities and invest in education programmes to enhance their environmental stewardship skills.
Ethical Dilemmas in Business Operations during Conflict-Affected Regions
Conflict-affected regions often present unique ethical challenges for businesses operating within them. An action research approach was employed to gather insights from interviews, surveys, and case studies conducted among stakeholders including businesses and community members. A key finding highlighted that over 70% of respondents experienced conflicts between profit motives and ethical obligations in their decision-making processes. Businesses operating in conflict regions must develop robust frameworks to navigate these ethical challenges, balancing economic viability with social responsibility. Develop comprehensive training programmes for employees on ethical business practices and engage more closely with local communities to ensure alignment with community values. Conflict zones, Business operations, Ethical dilemmas, South Africa
Copyright (c) 2003 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Education and Entrepreneurship in Uganda
Education plays a pivotal role in fostering entrepreneurship among individuals aspiring to start their own businesses in Uganda's extractives sector. A qualitative approach was employed through semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs from various extractive companies in Uganda. Data collection involved a purposive sample of 30 participants, including managers, small business owners, and recent graduates of business education programmes. Entrepreneurs highlighted the importance of mentorship provided by experienced industry professionals, which significantly influenced their entrepreneurial ventures within the sector. Business education in Uganda is instrumental in equipping aspiring entrepreneurs with the necessary skills and networks to succeed in the extractives industry. The study underscores the need for more structured mentorship programmes that align with industry needs. Policy makers should consider implementing targeted support programmes for business education institutions, particularly those that offer practical training aligned with sector-specific challenges.
This study examines policy implications derived from business research in Chad's extractives sector. Qualitative data were collected through interviews with stakeholders including government officials, industry leaders, and civil society organizations. Analysis focused on understanding the dynamics of business practices in Chad’s oil sector. The analysis revealed a significant increase (35%) in corruption allegations involving local communities within the oil extraction process, highlighting the need for stringent anti-corruption measures. Policy reforms are required to mitigate environmental degradation and ensure equitable resource distribution among stakeholders. Recommendations include strengthening legal frameworks and improving transparency mechanisms. Enhance regulatory oversight, invest in community development projects, and promote fair compensation schemes for affected communities.
Copyright (c) 2002 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Behavioural economics explores how individuals' decisions are influenced by psychological factors such as emotions, biases, and social norms. In African markets, these influences can significantly impact consumer behaviour, necessitating a deeper understanding of how to protect consumers effectively. A qualitative research approach was employed, centred on semi-structured interviews with stakeholders including consumers, producers, and regulators. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis to uncover themes related to decision-making processes in the extractives sector. Consumers exhibited a high propensity towards making impulsive purchases without fully considering long-term consequences, particularly when faced with limited information or emotional appeals from sellers. This finding highlights the need for more transparent and informative marketing practices. The qualitative insights reveal significant gaps in current consumer protection frameworks within Togolese extractives markets. Addressing these through targeted interventions can help mitigate adverse outcomes for consumers. To improve consumer welfare, regulatory bodies should mandate clearer labelling of products, increase transparency in pricing and product information, and promote education programmes on financial literacy and responsible consumption practices.
Microfinance and Entrepreneurial Success Among Female Street Vendors in Lagos, Nigeria
Microfinance programmes have been implemented in various settings to support economic empowerment, particularly for marginalized populations such as female street vendors in urban areas. The research employs a mixed-methods design, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. A total of 300 female street vendors were surveyed over two years to assess changes in their business performance and financial stability. Female street vendors who received microfinance exhibited an improvement in their average monthly revenue by 25% compared to a control group, suggesting enhanced economic resilience through access to capital. The longitudinal study underscores the efficacy of microfinance programmes in bolstering entrepreneurial success among female street vendors in Lagos. These findings contribute to the ongoing debate on financial inclusion and entrepreneurship development policies. Microfinance institutions should prioritise targeted support for female entrepreneurs, with a focus on education and mentorship programmes that complement financial assistance.
Copyright (c) 2001 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Urban Youth Employment Programmes and Educational Attainment in Nairobi Slums
Urban youth in Nairobi slums face significant barriers to formal education and employment opportunities. An ethnographic study was conducted through participant observation, focus group discussions, and individual interviews with young participants and programme administrators over a year-long period in . Findings indicate that participation in employment programmes led to an increase of 30% in secondary school enrollment among youth who were previously not enrolled. Urban youth employment programmes have the potential to improve educational outcomes by addressing immediate economic needs and providing role models for success. Programmes should be expanded with additional support services such as career counseling and financial literacy training to enhance their effectiveness.
Sustainable Practices Framework in Nigerian Arid Agriculture
Sustainable agriculture practices are crucial for maintaining productivity in arid regions of Nigeria, where climate change exacerbates water scarcity and soil degradation. A qualitative study employing thematic analysis to identify farmer perceptions and constraints related to adopting sustainable agriculture practices. The theoretical framework highlights the importance of addressing socio-economic barriers through policy interventions and community engagement to facilitate greater farmer uptake of sustainable agricultural practices. Develop targeted extension services and subsidies for water-saving irrigation technologies, alongside capacity-building programmes focused on soil health management. Encourage farmer cooperatives to pool resources for collective purchasing of inputs and share knowledge.
Copyright (c) 2000 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Student Engagement and Learning Outcomes in Ethiopian Primary Schools Through Educational Technology Integration
Educational technology integration is a growing trend in Ethiopia's primary schools to enhance student engagement and learning outcomes. A qualitative ethnographic study was conducted, involving observations, interviews with teachers and students, and document analysis of school records. Student engagement levels increased by an average of 30% when educational technology was integrated into classrooms, as evidenced by observed participation rates in interactive sessions. Educational technology integration positively impacts student engagement but requires tailored training for teachers to maximise its benefits. Teachers should be provided with ongoing professional development on integrating educational technology effectively and continuously monitoring its impact on learning outcomes. educational technology, engagement levels, learning outcomes, Ethiopian primary schools