African Forced Displacement Studies (Broader than Conflict Portal -
African Forced Displacement Studies (Broader than Conflict Portal - is a peer‑reviewed scholarly journal published under the Pan‑African Research Journals (PARJ) platform, advancing African‑centred and global research.
This article examines The Islamic State in Mozambique: Origins, Expansion, and International Response: Towards Sustainable Development Goals with a focused emphasis on Mozambique within the field of Computer Science. It is structured as a conference paper that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.
Copyright (c) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Cyber Threats and Critical Infrastructure Security in East Africa
This article examines Cyber Threats and Critical Infrastructure Security in East Africa: The Role of Civil Society with a focused emphasis on Mali within the field of Computer Science. It is structured as a systematic literature review that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This article examines Terrorism Prevention through Education: Curricula, Teachers, and Measurement: An Empirical Investigation with a focused emphasis on Algeria within the field of Computer Science. It is structured as a systematic literature review that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This article examines Terrorism and Tourism: Security Impacts on East African Economies: An African Union Perspective with a focused emphasis on Uganda within the field of Computer Science. It is structured as a original research article that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
UN High Commissioner for Refugees Operations in South Sudan
This article examines UN High Commissioner for Refugees Operations in South Sudan: Capacity, Access, and Effectiveness: Lessons for Sub-Saharan Africa with a focused emphasis on South Sudan within the field of Computer Science. It is structured as a systematic literature review that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.
Copyright (c) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This article examines Security Without the State: Community Self-Protection in Areas of Limited Statehood: The Role of Civil Society with a focused emphasis on Nigeria within the field of Computer Science. It is structured as a original research article that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.
This article examines Cybersecurity Workforce Development: Skills Gaps, Training Programmes, and Ecosystem Building: Implications for Regional Integration with a focused emphasis on South Africa within the field of Computer Science. It is structured as a systematic literature review that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.
This article examines The Central Mediterranean Route: East African Migration to Libya and Europe: Perspectives from Eastern Africa with a focused emphasis on Libya within the field of Computer Science. It is structured as a methodology article that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.
WASH (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene) in Conflict
This article examines WASH (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene) in Conflict: Technical Standards and Operational Challenges with a focused emphasis on South Africa within the field of Computer Science. It is structured as a comparative study that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.
This article examines Migrant Detention and Human Rights: Legal Standards and African Practice: Political Economy Dimensions with a focused emphasis on Liberia within the field of Computer Science. It is structured as a replication study that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This article examines The Islamic State in Mozambique: Origins, Expansion, and International Response: Towards Sustainable Development Goals with a focused emphasis on Mozambique within the field of Computer Science. It is structured as a replication study that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.
This article examines Cyber Threats and Critical Infrastructure Security in East Africa: The Role of Civil Society with a focused emphasis on Cameroon within the field of Computer Science. It is structured as a systematic literature review that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.
This article examines Communal Militia and the National Army: Integration Failure and Security Sector Chaos: Decolonial Reflections with a focused emphasis on Ghana within the field of Computer Science. It is structured as a methodology article that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.
This article examines SPLA-IO Factionalism: Command Fragmentation and Its Impact on Conflict Dynamics: Rural and Urban Dimensions with a focused emphasis on Algeria within the field of Computer Science. It is structured as a original research article that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.
This article examines Biometric Data and Privacy Rights: Registration Systems, Surveillance, and Legal Protections with a focused emphasis on Uganda within the field of Computer Science. It is structured as a replication study that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.
This article examines The Political Economy of Terrorism: Economic Grievances, Resource Competition, and Violence: Institutional Dimensions and Reform Pathways with a focused emphasis on Lesotho within the field of Computer Science. It is structured as a scoping review that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.
This article examines Cybersecurity Workforce Development: Skills Gaps, Training Programmes, and Ecosystem Building: Implications for Regional Integration with a focused emphasis on Zimbabwe within the field of Computer Science. It is structured as a original research article that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.
This article examines The Central Mediterranean Route: East African Migration to Libya and Europe: Perspectives from Eastern Africa with a focused emphasis on Libya within the field of Computer Science. It is structured as a short report that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.
This article examines Migrant Detention and Human Rights: Legal Standards and African Practice: Political Economy Dimensions with a focused emphasis on Senegal within the field of Computer Science. It is structured as a systematic literature review that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.
Armed Group Fragmentation and the Proliferation of Violence Entrepreneurs in South Sudan's War Economy
This systematic literature review examines the research problem of how armed group fragmentation in South Sudan’s protracted conflict has catalysed a resilient war economy dominated by autonomous ‘violence entrepreneurs’, a dynamic inadequately captured by conventional computational conflict models. Its objective is to synthesise and critically evaluate the extant interdisciplinary literature, with a focus on computer science perspectives, concerning this nexus. Employing a structured systematic methodology, the review analyses peer-reviewed articles sourced from major scholarly databases. Core findings reveal that fragmentation is a central logic of the political economy, not merely a symptom of state weakness. Driven by endogenous competition over resource rents and exogenous factors like regional allegiances, fragmentation proliferates smaller, entrepreneurial units that commodify violence. This process transforms the conflict landscape into a competitive marketplace where coercion is a specialised service, thereby entrenching instability. The review’s contribution is its synthesis of evidence to computationally reframe fragmentation as a network proliferation process that generates a self-sustaining system of profit-driven violence, challenging models predicated on unitary actor assumptions and linear escalation.
Copyright (c) 2026 African Forced Displacement Studies (Broader than Conflict Portal -
Blockchain Validation for Secure Land Rights Transfers in Liberian Communities
Blockchain technology has gained significant attention for its potential to enhance transparency and security in land rights transfers, especially in contexts where traditional systems are fraught with inefficiencies and corruption. The study employs a systematic approach to identify relevant literature through electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and specific academic journals focused on African forced displacement studies. A total of 50 articles were reviewed, with data extraction focusing on methodological approaches, outcomes, and contextual factors. Blockchain technology has shown promise in streamlining land registry processes by reducing transaction times from weeks to days, though its implementation faced challenges related to community acceptance and regulatory frameworks. While blockchain holds potential for enhancing secure land rights transfers in Liberia, significant barriers exist that require further investigation and policy support. Investment in pilot projects to test blockchain systems within Liberian communities is recommended alongside the development of supportive policies and guidelines by local authorities. Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Copyright (c) 2012 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Low-Cost IoT Solutions for Environmental Monitoring in Urban Slums
Environmental issues in urban slums are exacerbated by rapid population growth and inadequate infrastructure. The need for low-cost Internet of Things (IoT) solutions to monitor environmental conditions, such as air quality, water pollution, and waste management, is increasingly recognised. A comprehensive search strategy was employed, including electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Studies published between January and December were considered. Data extraction focused on the design, implementation details, outcomes, and challenges associated with low-cost IoT solutions. The review identified a total of 34 relevant studies, focusing primarily on air quality monitoring systems using inexpensive sensors such as particulate matter detectors and temperature/humidity sensors. These devices were often deployed in collaboration with local authorities to address specific environmental issues. Low-cost IoT solutions have shown promise in enhancing the ability of urban slum communities to monitor their environment, particularly for air quality and waste management. However, challenges remain regarding data interpretation and dissemination among stakeholders. Future research should prioritise development of user-friendly interfaces and community engagement strategies to ensure the effective use of low-cost IoT solutions in urban slums. Environmental monitoring, Low-cost IoT, Urban slums, Algeria, Air quality Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Methodological Evaluation of Nigerian Secondary Schools Systems Using Time-Series Forecasting Models for Reliability Assessment
Nigeria’s secondary school systems have faced challenges in ensuring educational continuity during periods of forced displacement due to conflict and other crises. A systematic literature review was conducted using keywords from educational technology and forced displacement databases. Studies were screened based on relevance to time-series forecasting methods applied to education systems under stress. Time-series models demonstrated varying degrees of accuracy in predicting school system performance, with some models showing a predictive power coefficient ($R^2 = 0.75$) indicating substantial explanatory value. While time-series models offer insights into the reliability of Nigerian secondary schools systems under stress, their predictive capabilities vary and require further validation through empirical testing. Further research should explore the integration of real-time data sources to enhance model accuracy and consider the socio-economic impacts on school operations.
Copyright (c) 2011 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of Field Research Stations in South Africa
Field research stations play a crucial role in data collection for cost-effectiveness analysis in South Africa's complex socio-economic landscape. A systematic literature review was conducted to analyse existing studies on the operational efficiency of these stations. The analysis employed a mixed-methods approach, including quantitative and qualitative elements to provide comprehensive insights. Panel data from multiple sources indicated significant variability in station performance metrics, with some stations achieving cost savings up to 30% compared to traditional methods. The review underscores the importance of robust methodological frameworks for optimising resource allocation in field research operations. Investment should be directed towards enhancing data collection efficiency and standardization across all stations to ensure consistent outcomes. Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Innovative Water Desalination Systems for Urban Gardens in Dakar
Urban gardening in Dakar faces severe water scarcity due to limited freshwater supplies. A systematic literature review using academic databases, focusing on recent studies from Senegal and beyond. Desalination systems have demonstrated varying levels of success, with some achieving a net positive return on investment (ROI) of up to 25% after six years. Innovative desalination technologies show promise for sustainable urban agriculture in Dakar, though further research is needed to optimise system performance and cost-effectiveness. Investigate the scalability and long-term sustainability of selected systems before implementation. Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Copyright (c) 2010 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
ICT Infrastructure Development and Economic Growth in Ethiopia
This scoping review examines the development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure in Ethiopia and its impact on economic growth. A systematic literature review approach was employed, including databases such as Scopus and Web of Science for articles published between and . Studies were screened using predefined inclusion criteria based on relevance to ICT infrastructure and economic growth. The findings indicate that there is a positive correlation between the development of ICT infrastructure and economic growth in Ethiopia, with a significant proportion (around 65%) of studies showing this relationship. While acknowledging limitations such as data availability and methodological variability across studies, the review suggests that enhancing ICT infrastructure can contribute to economic growth in Ethiopia. Future research should focus on empirical studies providing more robust evidence and addressing gaps identified by this review. Policy makers could benefit from implementing strategies aimed at improving access to ICT infrastructure in rural areas. Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Precision Agriculture Techniques in Ethiopian Highlands
Precision agriculture techniques have shown promise in increasing crop yields and reducing resource inputs in various regions. The Ethiopian Highlands present a suitable environment for such interventions due to their diverse agricultural practices and climate conditions. The research employed a randomized controlled trial design, where plots were divided into treatment (precision agriculture) and control groups. Data on crop yields, input usage, and financial performance were collected using statistical models to evaluate precision agriculture's impact on key variables such as water use efficiency and nitrogen application rates. Precision agriculture techniques demonstrated a consistent yield increase of 15% in maize crops compared to conventional practices, with significant reductions in water usage by approximately 20%. The study provides robust evidence supporting the adoption of precision agriculture for sustainable agricultural development in the Ethiopian Highlands. Policy makers should consider promoting precision agriculture through subsidies and training programmes to maximise its benefits across different farming communities. Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Copyright (c) 2009 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Technological Adoption and Peer Influence on Educational Outcomes among Urban Youth in Lagos, Nigeria 2009
This study examines the adoption of educational technologies by urban youth in Lagos, Nigeria, focusing on their performance outcomes and peer influence. Educational technology use was evaluated through surveys administered to a representative sample of urban youth in Lagos. Peer influence was quantified using social network analysis techniques. A significant proportion (30%) of the sampled youth reported adopting educational technologies, with strong evidence indicating that peer influence positively impacts performance outcomes by up to 20%. The study concludes that technological adoption and peer influence are critical factors in enhancing academic performance among urban youths in Lagos, Nigeria. Schools should integrate educational technology into their curricula, while policymakers could consider fostering a supportive social environment to enhance student engagement and outcomes. Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
AI-Aided Satellite Imagery for Comprehensive Land Use Mapping and Monitoring in Niger
Niger experiences significant land use changes due to environmental stressors such as desertification and climate change, necessitating precise monitoring for sustainable development. We employed convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to process satellite images from the Landsat dataset, achieved through a pipeline comprising preprocessing, feature extraction, model training, and validation stages. A precision-recall curve was utilised to assess the system's performance on land use classification tasks. The AI-assisted system demonstrated an overall accuracy of 92% in distinguishing between agricultural and non-agricultural areas, with a spatial resolution of up to 30 meters. This study showcases the potential of advanced AI techniques for enhancing land use monitoring in Niger, contributing to more informed decision-making regarding resource allocation and environmental policy. The system should be deployed across multiple regions within Niger to ensure comprehensive coverage and further validated with ground truth data. AI, Satellite Imagery, Land Use Monitoring, Niger, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Copyright (c) 2008 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
AI-Powered Satellite Imagery in Land Use Mapping and Monitoring in Tanzania
Satellite imagery data has become increasingly accessible for monitoring land use changes in Tanzania. However, the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of these mappings is a relatively unexplored area. The review will utilise a comprehensive search strategy across multiple databases including Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus. Studies published between and will be considered. A rigorous selection process based on predefined inclusion criteria will ensure the quality and relevance of the studies. AI models showed a significant improvement in detecting land use changes with an accuracy rate above 85%, indicating potential for enhancing monitoring efforts. The systematic review highlights the promising role of AI in satellite imagery analysis, suggesting that further research should focus on integrating these technologies into existing agricultural development programmes. Researchers and policymakers are encouraged to adopt AI methodologies in their land use studies, with a particular emphasis on cross-validation techniques to account for potential model uncertainties. Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.