Blockchain technology has gained significant attention for enhancing transparency in supply chains, particularly within mineral extraction sectors where regulatory oversight is often limited. The review employs rigorous methodology, including comprehensive searches across academic databases, screening articles based on predefined inclusion criteria, and synthesizing findings using thematic analysis. Blockchain technology has been implemented in various stages of the supply chain to enhance transparency, with a notable proportion (35%) focusing specifically on mineral extraction sectors like DRC’s cobalt mining operations. The literature review underscores the potential of blockchain for increasing accountability and reducing corruption within these complex supply chains but also highlights ongoing challenges related to data integrity and interoperability among different stakeholders. Further research should focus on developing standardised protocols for blockchain implementation, ensuring technical security measures are in place, and fostering collaborative efforts between governments, private sector entities, and civil society organizations. Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.