This article examines Mixed Migration Flows in the Horn of Africa: Refugees, Migrants, and Protection Challenges: Theoretical Framework and Empirical Analysis with a focused emphasis on Niger within the field of Political Science. It is structured as a mixed methods study that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.