The Comoros archipelago is a small nation in the Indian Ocean facing significant challenges related to natural resource extraction, particularly from its offshore oil and gas reserves. Theoretical analysis will employ political economy theory to dissect the dynamics of governance, economic incentives, and stakeholder interests surrounding oil and gas exploration and exploitation. This framework identifies critical points where policy interventions could mitigate negative impacts while maximising benefits for Comoros’ socio-economic development. Policy recommendations focus on enhancing transparency in resource management, strengthening local governance structures, and fostering inclusive stakeholder participation.