Yield and Income Outcomes of Bt Cotton Adoption among Smallholder Farmers in Eastern Zimbabwe: A Policy Analysis

This study examines the adoption of genetically modified (GM) cotton, specifically Bt cotton, among smallholder farmers in Eastern Zimbabwe over a five-year period. Data for this analysis were collected through surveys conducted with randomly selected smallholder farmers in Eastern Zimbabwe, covering a period from until . The study employed statistical methods to compare yield and income data before and after Bt cotton adoption. A significant proportion (65%) of participating farmers reported increased yields following the introduction of Bt cotton, with an average increase in cotton lint yield by approximately 30% compared to pre-adoption levels. Income gains were also observed, averaging a 25% rise among adopters. The analysis indicates that while Bt cotton adoption led to substantial improvements in both yields and incomes for smallholder farmers in Eastern Zimbabwe, it is crucial for policymakers to consider the long-term sustainability of GM crops and their environmental impacts as part of any agricultural policy framework. Given these findings, we recommend a phased approach to introducing Bt cotton among smallholders, emphasising integrated pest management alongside genetic modification strategies. Additionally, there should be an ongoing evaluation of the social and economic outcomes of such policies over extended periods.