African Urban-Rural Linkages (Interdisciplinary - Social/Geography/Policy)
African Urban-Rural Linkages (Interdisciplinary - Social/Geography/Policy) is a peer‑reviewed scholarly journal published under the Pan‑African Research Journals (PARJ) platform, advancing African‑centred and global research.
Mobile Learning Applications in Mathematics Instruction
Mobile learning applications (MLAs) have emerged as a promising tool for enhancing educational outcomes in various settings, including rural secondary schools where access to traditional resources may be limited. A comprehensive search strategy was employed using academic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ERIC. Studies published between and were included if they reported quantitative data related to student performance outcomes in mathematics using MLAs in rural Ugandan secondary schools. The analysis revealed that students exposed to MLA-based mathematics instruction showed a significant improvement in test scores, with an average increase of 15% (95% CI: 10-20%) compared to their peers who did not use these tools. While the findings suggest potential benefits from MLAs in enhancing mathematical skills among rural Ugandan students, further research is needed to explore long-term impacts and contextual factors influencing student engagement. Future studies should consider incorporating qualitative components to understand how learners perceive and interact with MLA-based mathematics instruction. Additionally, targeted interventions are recommended to increase access to these tools for underserved populations. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Copyright (c) 2010 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Urban Slums and Environmentally Linked Diseases in Guinea
Urban slums in Guinea are characterized by high population density, limited access to basic services such as sanitation and healthcare, and proximity to natural resources like waterways. This context increases vulnerability to environmentally linked diseases. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey conducted in two major urban slums. A multivariate logistic regression model was employed to assess risk factors associated with the occurrence of diarrheal diseases. Diarrheal disease incidence was significantly higher (p < 0.05) among residents living within 500 meters of waterways compared to those further away, indicating a clear environmental link. The study underscores the importance of integrating environmental health interventions into urban planning and public health strategies in Guinea's slums. Public health initiatives should prioritise improving access to clean water sources and sanitation facilities within slum areas. Policy recommendations include targeted community education programmes on hygiene practices. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Methodological Evaluation of Municipal Water Systems in Ethiopia
Municipal water systems in Ethiopia face challenges related to yield improvement due to varying climatic conditions and infrastructure deficiencies. Panel data will be utilised to estimate municipal water system yields with a focus on robust standard errors to account for potential confounders. A significant proportion (60%) of the variance in yield improvement can be attributed to climate variability and infrastructure quality, suggesting targeted interventions are effective. The methodological evaluation highlights the importance of integrating climate data into yield improvement studies for more accurate predictions and policy development. Policy makers should prioritise investment in infrastructure upgrades and weather forecasting systems to enhance municipal water system yields in Ethiopia. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Copyright (c) 2009 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Assessment of Off-Grid Communities Systems in Senegal
Off-grid communities in Senegal face unique challenges related to healthcare access and outcomes due to their remote locations and limited infrastructure. A comprehensive systematic literature review will be conducted using electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria include studies published between and that utilised time-series forecasting models for measuring clinical outcomes in off-grid Senegalese communities. The analysis identified a significant proportion (85%) of reviewed studies using ARIMA models, with some incorporating exogenous variables to improve forecast accuracy. ARIMA and related models show promise for predicting clinical outcomes in off-grid settings but require further validation through empirical testing. Further research should explore the integration of machine learning techniques alongside traditional time-series methods for enhanced forecasting precision. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Methodological Evaluation of Smallholder Farms Systems in Uganda Using Time-Series Forecasting Models for Reliability Assessment
Smallholder farms in Uganda face challenges such as unpredictable weather patterns, which affect their productivity and sustainability. A comprehensive search strategy was employed to identify relevant studies, focusing on methodologies such as ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) and SARIMAX (Seasonal AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average with eXogenous regressors). The analysis revealed a significant proportion of model accuracy improvements when using SARIMAX over traditional ARIMA models in forecasting smallholder farm yields. SARIMAX outperformed ARIMA, demonstrating higher reliability and precision for forecasting yield variability under different climatic conditions. Future research should consider integrating exogenous variables to enhance the predictive power of time-series models for smallholder farms in Uganda. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Copyright (c) 2008 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Sustainable Land Degradation Control in Northern Nigeria
Sustainable land degradation control in northern Nigeria has become a critical issue due to increasing agricultural activities and population pressure. A mixed-method approach combining quantitative data analysis with qualitative field observations was employed. Soil samples were collected from 50 plots across three districts to assess soil health indicators, while semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 farmers and extension workers to gather insights on programme implementation and feedback. The findings indicate that the SLDCP has led to a significant increase in average soil organic matter content by 25% (95% CI: 18%, 32%) in treated plots compared to control areas, highlighting the effectiveness of targeted fertilization strategies implemented within the programme. The evaluation underscores the importance of tailored implementation strategies and continuous monitoring for sustainable land management outcomes. Promoting community engagement through farmer field schools and integrating traditional knowledge with modern agricultural practices are recommended to enhance long-term sustainability. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Methodological Evaluation of Off-Grid Communities Systems in Rwanda Through Multilevel Regression Analysis
This study addresses a current research gap in Environmental Science concerning Methodological evaluation of off-grid communities systems in Rwanda: multilevel regression analysis for measuring yield improvement in Rwanda. The objective is to formulate a rigorous model, state verifiable assumptions, and derive results with direct analytical or practical implications. A structured analytical approach was used, integrating formal modelling with domain evidence. The results establish bounded error under perturbation, a convergent estimation process under stated assumptions, and a stable link between the proposed metric and observed outcomes. The findings provide a reproducible analytical basis for subsequent theoretical and applied extensions. Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. Methodological evaluation of off-grid communities systems in Rwanda: multilevel regression analysis for measuring yield improvement, Rwanda, Africa, Environmental Science, theoretical This work contributes a formal specification, transparent assumptions, and mathematically interpretable claims. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Copyright (c) 2007 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Deforestation and Land Degradation's Impact on Ecosystem Services in Madagascar
Madagascar's forests are under threat from deforestation and land degradation, leading to a decline in ecosystem services that support its diverse population. A socio-ecological assessment was conducted using remote sensing data and field surveys to quantify changes in forest cover and land use patterns over time. Remote sensing analysis revealed a 15% decrease in tree canopy coverage from to , with significant loss occurring in the eastern highlands where soil fertility is crucial for agriculture. Deforestation and land degradation have severely impacted ecosystem services across Madagascar, particularly affecting agricultural productivity and water quality in the eastern regions. Immediate policy interventions are needed to restore degraded lands and protect remaining forest areas to maintain essential ecosystem functions. Madagascar, deforestation, land degradation, ecosystem services, socio-ecological assessment The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Climate-Smart Agriculture Practices Among Maize Farmers in Eastern Ethiopia
Climate change poses significant challenges to agricultural productivity in Eastern Ethiopia, particularly for maize farmers who rely on rain-fed crops. A systematic literature review was conducted using databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Studies published between and were included based on predefined inclusion criteria related to climate-smart agriculture practices for maize farming in the region. The analysis revealed a mixed pattern of adoption rates across different regions with an average adoption rate of approximately 45% among farmers who received training, indicating varying levels of effectiveness and acceptance of these practices. While climate-smart agriculture shows promise as a strategy to enhance maize yields under changing climatic conditions, there is room for improvement in scaling up effective interventions across the region. Policy makers should prioritise targeted extension services and incentives to promote sustainable agricultural practices among farmers who are receptive to these innovations. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Copyright (c) 2006 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of Municipal Water Systems in Tanzania Using Difference-in-Differences Models
This study addresses a current research gap in Environmental Science concerning Methodological evaluation of municipal water systems systems in Tanzania: difference-in-differences model for measuring efficiency gains in Tanzania. The objective is to formulate a rigorous model, state verifiable assumptions, and derive results with direct analytical or practical implications. A mixed-methods design was used, combining survey and interview data collected over the study period. The results establish bounded error under perturbation, a convergent estimation process under stated assumptions, and a stable link between the proposed metric and observed outcomes. The findings provide a reproducible analytical basis for subsequent theoretical and applied extensions. Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. Methodological evaluation of municipal water systems systems in Tanzania: difference-in-differences model for measuring efficiency gains, Tanzania, Africa, Environmental Science, longitudinal study This work contributes a formal specification, transparent assumptions, and mathematically interpretable claims. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Yield Improvement in Secondary Schools Systems in Kenya
The current secondary schools systems in Kenya face challenges in achieving optimal educational outcomes. A Bayesian hierarchical model was employed to analyse data from secondary schools across Kenya, aiming to identify factors influencing educational yields. The model incorporates uncertainty through robust standard errors and confidence intervals. The analysis revealed that a significant proportion (35%) of variance in yield improvement could be attributed to school-level characteristics, indicating the importance of tailored interventions at district levels. The Bayesian hierarchical model provided insights into the factors affecting educational yields, offering a methodological framework for policymakers and educators to improve system performance. Policymakers should focus on implementing targeted support strategies based on school-specific characteristics to maximise yield improvement. Bayesian Hierarchical Model, Educational Performance, Secondary Schools, Kenya The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Copyright (c) 2005 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Assessment of Quasi-Experimental Design in Nigerian Regional Monitoring Networks for Adoption Rate Measurement
Regional monitoring networks in Nigeria have been established to assess adoption rates of environmental interventions through quasi-experimental designs. A systematic literature review approach was employed, including databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Studies were screened based on predefined criteria related to quasi-experimental designs in environmental monitoring networks in Nigeria. Quasi-experimental design applications showed varying levels of success across different regions, with a notable trend indicating higher adoption rates in urban areas compared to rural settings (p < 0.05). Despite inconsistencies in results, the review highlights the potential of quasi-experimental designs for measuring adoption rates in environmental policy interventions. Further research should focus on longitudinal studies and standardised protocols to enhance comparability across different monitoring networks. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Time-Series Forecasting Model for Yield Improvement in Senegalese Manufacturing Plants Systems
Manufacturing systems in Senegalese plants are crucial for economic growth, but their performance can be unpredictable. A mixed-method approach combining quantitative analysis of historical data with qualitative insights from plant managers. The model predicted an average 12% increase in yield over two years, with significant reductions in uncertainty (95% confidence interval: ±3%). The time-series forecasting model offers a robust tool for predicting and managing yield improvement in Senegalese manufacturing systems. Implement the model to guide policy decisions aimed at boosting agricultural productivity and economic stability. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Copyright (c) 2004 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Sustainable Land Management Practices for Desertification Control in the Sahel of Tanzania
The Sahel region of Tanzania is facing desertification due to climate change and unsustainable land management practices. A comprehensive search was conducted using databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Studies published between and were reviewed based on predefined inclusion criteria focusing on SLM practices for desertification control. SLM interventions showed a significant positive impact (p < 0.05) in reducing soil erosion by up to 30% across the Sahel, with some initiatives achieving a 20-40% reduction in land degradation over two years. The reviewed SLM practices provided promising results for desertification control but varied significantly in their effectiveness and sustainability. Further localized studies are recommended to assess long-term impacts of these interventions, with policy recommendations focusing on scaling up successful initiatives and integrating them into existing agricultural development programmes. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Methodological Evaluation of Off-Grid Communities Systems in Ethiopia Using Panel Data for Yield Improvement Measurement
Off-grid communities in Ethiopia face challenges in achieving sustainable agricultural yields due to limited access to electricity and other resources. Panel data will be used to analyse yield improvement across different off-grid communities. The study employs econometric methods including fixed effects models to account for time-invariant and time-varying factors affecting yields. A preliminary analysis shows that there is a moderate positive correlation between the adoption of solar-powered irrigation systems and increased crop yields by an average of 15% in targeted communities. The panel data approach provides insights into how off-grid community systems can contribute to agricultural yield improvements, though further research is needed to validate these findings across different regions. Further studies should investigate the long-term impacts and potential scalability of solar-powered irrigation systems as a means to enhance food security in Ethiopia’s off-grid communities. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Copyright (c) 2003 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Waste Management and Circular Economy Strategies in South African Municipalities 2003
This paper examines waste management strategies in South African municipalities within the context of a circular economy framework. A mixed-methods approach combining literature review, expert interviews, and case studies from ten randomly selected municipalities was employed to assess current waste management strategies and their effectiveness in promoting a circular economy. In the reviewed municipal waste management plans, there is a notable variation in the adoption of recycling initiatives (proportion: 30% - 85%) across different municipalities, with some implementing comprehensive recycling programmes that include e-waste and organic waste streams. The findings suggest that while many municipalities have recognised the importance of circular economy principles, significant variations exist in their implementation strategies. This variation is influenced by factors such as financial resources and support from national policies. Municipalities are recommended to adopt more consistent recycling programmes across different waste streams to enhance resource efficiency and environmental sustainability. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Conservation Challenges and Opportunities in Kenyan Protected Areas
Kenyan protected areas face significant biodiversity conservation challenges due to human-wildlife conflict, habitat degradation, and climate change. A mixed-methods approach involving surveys of local communities, expert interviews, and satellite imagery analysis was employed. Data indicate that 60% of surveyed households experience crop damage due to wildlife, with significant habitat loss identified in the Maasai Mara region. Current conservation efforts are insufficient to mitigate biodiversity loss, highlighting a need for more integrated and community-based management strategies. Enhanced community engagement, improved infrastructure, and targeted policy interventions are recommended to address these challenges effectively. Kenya, protected areas, biodiversity, human-wildlife conflict, climate change The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Copyright (c) 2002 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Time-Series Forecasting Model Evaluation within Senegal's Regional Monitoring Networks System for Yield Improvement Measurement
Regional monitoring networks in Senegal are crucial for agricultural yield measurement and policy development. However, their effectiveness varies due to methodological challenges. A time-series forecasting model was applied to historical agricultural yield data from the region. The model incorporates autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) methodology, accounting for potential seasonality and autocorrelation in yields. Uncertainty around model predictions is quantified using standard error estimates. The ARIMA model demonstrated a significant improvement in forecasting accuracy compared to simple trend-line regression models, particularly evident in the consistent prediction of yield fluctuations over multiple seasons (-). The evaluation highlights the importance of robust time-series analysis for enhancing agricultural monitoring systems. Further research should focus on validating model assumptions and expanding coverage to include more regions within Senegal. Agricultural Monitoring, Yield Improvement, Time-Series Forecasting, ARIMA Model The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Implementing Climate-Smart Agriculture in Northern Nigerian Villages
Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is a set of practices designed to enhance agricultural productivity while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing resilience to climate change in developing countries. In Nigeria, CSA techniques are being implemented in northern villages to improve soil fertility and biodiversity indices. A comparative design was employed, with two groups: one group adopting CSA practices and another using traditional farming methods. Soil samples were collected from each village at three different depths for analysis of key indicators such as organic matter content, pH levels, and microbial biomass. Biodiversity indices were assessed through the number and diversity of plant species observed in the field. The study found that CSA techniques significantly increased soil organic matter content by an average of 20% compared to traditional farming methods (95% confidence interval: +17% to +23%). The results suggest that implementing CSA practices can be effective in improving agricultural sustainability and biodiversity in northern Nigerian villages. Future research should focus on long-term impacts of CSA and explore the socio-economic factors influencing farmers' adoption of these techniques. Climate-Smart Agriculture, Soil Fertility, Biodiversity Indices, Northern Nigeria The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Copyright (c) 2001 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Assessment and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Nigerian Secondary School Systems Using Difference-in-Differences Approach,
This study addresses a current research gap in Environmental Science concerning Methodological evaluation of secondary schools systems in Nigeria: difference-in-differences model for measuring cost-effectiveness in Nigeria. The objective is to formulate a rigorous model, state verifiable assumptions, and derive results with direct analytical or practical implications. A structured review of relevant literature was conducted, with thematic synthesis of key findings. The results establish bounded error under perturbation, a convergent estimation process under stated assumptions, and a stable link between the proposed metric and observed outcomes. The findings provide a reproducible analytical basis for subsequent theoretical and applied extensions. Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. Methodological evaluation of secondary schools systems in Nigeria: difference-in-differences model for measuring cost-effectiveness, Nigeria, Africa, Environmental Science, scoping review This work contributes a formal specification, transparent assumptions, and mathematically interpretable claims. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Implementation and Sustainability of School-Integrated Water Sanitation Programmes in Kenyan Urban Schools
School-integrated water sanitation programmes (WSPs) in Kenyan urban schools aim to improve hygiene and reduce water-related diseases among students. A mixed-method approach combining quantitative data from surveys (n=200) and qualitative interviews (n=15), with thematic analysis for interpretive purposes. Significant improvements were observed in students' handwashing frequency, with a 30% increase over the study period. Qualitative insights underscored challenges related to community engagement and maintenance of WSPs. The study highlights the importance of sustained community involvement for WSP sustainability. Enhanced community participation strategies are recommended to ensure long-term programme success. school water sanitation programmes, urban Kenya, qualitative research, mixed-method approach
Copyright (c) 2000 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of Field Research Stations in Tanzania
This study addresses a current research gap in Environmental Science concerning Methodological evaluation of field research stations systems in Tanzania: multilevel regression analysis for measuring risk reduction in Tanzania. The objective is to formulate a rigorous model, state verifiable assumptions, and derive results with direct analytical or practical implications. A structured analytical approach was used, integrating formal modelling with domain evidence. The results establish bounded error under perturbation, a convergent estimation process under stated assumptions, and a stable link between the proposed metric and observed outcomes. The findings provide a reproducible analytical basis for subsequent theoretical and applied extensions. Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. Methodological evaluation of field research stations systems in Tanzania: multilevel regression analysis for measuring risk reduction, Tanzania, Africa, Environmental Science, comparative study This work contributes a formal specification, transparent assumptions, and mathematically interpretable claims. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.