This study examines the political economy of natural resource extraction in central Africa, focusing on Uganda's experience with extractive industries. The research employs a qualitative approach to explore policy frameworks, stakeholder interactions, and resource distribution patterns. A key finding is that local communities often face marginalization due to unequal resource allocation and inadequate compensation mechanisms. Policy reforms are needed to enhance equitable resource management and improve livelihoods of affected populations. Implementing stakeholder consultations, improving transparency in resource distribution, and enhancing community development programmes are recommended.