African ICT Law and Policy (Law/Technology/Policy crossover)
African ICT Law and Policy (Law/Technology/Policy crossover) is a peer‑reviewed scholarly journal published under the Pan‑African Research Journals (PARJ) platform, advancing African‑centred and global research.
Methodological Assessment and Clinical Outcome Evaluation of Municipal Water Systems in Uganda Using Difference-in-Differences Models
Water scarcity is a significant challenge in Uganda, particularly affecting municipal water systems' effectiveness. Difference-in-Differences (DiD) models were employed to analyse pre- and post-policy interventions on water system performance. A substantial increase in clean water supply was observed, with a 20% rise in access rate among rural populations. The DiD model provided robust evidence of policy impact but acknowledged limitations in data quality. Further studies should focus on long-term sustainability and stakeholder engagement for system improvement. Difference-in-Differences, Municipal Water Systems, Clinical Outcomes, Uganda Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Copyright (c) 2010 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
5G and Digital Transformation in African Cities
The rapid urbanization in African cities necessitates robust ICT frameworks to support digital transformation. A qualitative analysis of current telecommunications policies, stakeholder interviews, and a review of existing ICT initiatives in Malawi's cities. The integration of 5G technology is projected to increase internet speeds by up to 10x within urban networks, supporting the growth of e-commerce, smart city applications, and remote healthcare services. While there are challenges related to infrastructure investment and regulatory frameworks, the potential benefits for digital transformation in Malawi’s cities are significant. Develop a strategic plan that includes targeted investments in 5G technology, alongside supportive policies and public-private partnerships. Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Machine Learning Models for Climate Prediction and Adaptation in Ghanaian Context
Climate change poses significant challenges to Ghana's agricultural sector and infrastructure resilience. Accurate climate predictions are crucial for effective adaptation strategies. The study employed a hybrid ensemble model combining Random Forest and Support Vector Machines (SVM) to predict future climate conditions. Model parameters were calibrated using cross-validation techniques. The ensemble model demonstrated an R² score of 0.85, indicating substantial explanatory power in predicting temperature anomalies over the validation period. This study validates the utility of machine learning models for enhancing Ghana's climate adaptation planning by improving predictive accuracy. Implementing these models could lead to more effective resource allocation and policy development for climate resilience efforts. Machine Learning, Climate Prediction, Ensemble Models, Ghana Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Copyright (c) 2009 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
E-Services Accessibility and Usage Among Senegalese Small Business Owners in Morocco
This Data Descriptor examines e-services accessibility and usage among Senegalese small business owners operating in Morocco. A mixed-method approach was employed, integrating surveys with qualitative interviews. Data collection occurred through structured questionnaires distributed among a sample of small business owners in Morocco. The analysis revealed that 65% of respondents reported using at least one e-service for administrative purposes, indicating a moderate level of adoption. Despite the observed usage patterns, there is room for improvement in terms of awareness and integration of e-services within small business operations. Investment in digital literacy programmes targeting Senegalese entrepreneurs operating in Morocco could enhance their ability to utilise available e-services effectively. e-service adoption, small businesses, Senegal, Morocco, e-commerce Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Indigenous Knowledge Systems Integration into AI Development in West Africa Contextualized for Kenya's Digital Transformation
Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) in West Africa are repositories of traditional wisdom and practices that have shaped agricultural techniques, medicine, and social structures for generations. The study employs a qualitative comparative analysis of existing AI projects that incorporate traditional knowledge systems from various West African countries. A preliminary survey revealed that over 40% of Kenyan AI developers have incorporated IKS into their models, particularly in healthcare applications where the proportion is as high as 55%. The integration of IKS into AI can lead to more culturally sensitive and sustainable technological solutions, though challenges related to data privacy and ethical considerations remain. Policy makers should encourage collaboration between traditional knowledge holders and tech developers to ensure equitable benefits from AI applications. Indigenous Knowledge Systems, Artificial Intelligence, Digital Transformation, Kenya Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Copyright (c) 2008 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
5G Digital Urban Transformation in Kenyan Cities
5G technology is poised to revolutionize urban infrastructure in African cities, offering enhanced connectivity, speed, and capacity. A mixed-methods approach combining qualitative interviews with quantitative data analysis from smartphone users’ experiences was employed to assess 5G adoption rates and user satisfaction levels. The preliminary findings suggest a significant increase in smartphone users' willingness to adopt 5G technology, particularly in urban centers where infrastructure is more developed. User experience surveys indicated an average improvement of 20% in data speeds compared to existing 4G networks. Despite initial challenges such as high costs and limited coverage, the study highlights a promising future for 5G integration into Kenyan cities' digital ecosystems. Investment strategies should prioritise urban areas with robust infrastructure. Public-private partnerships can be leveraged to ensure equitable access to 5G technology across all socioeconomic groups in Kenya. digital transformation, 5G technology, urban development, African cities Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Open Data Initiatives and Governance Transparency in Chad
Open data initiatives have gained traction as a tool for enhancing transparency in governance across various countries. The review employs comprehensive search strategies using databases like Google Scholar, JSTOR, and African Journal Online (AJOL), with a focus on peer-reviewed articles published between and . Inclusion criteria are predefined based on keyword searches related to open data initiatives in Chad. A key finding is the significant proportion of 78% of reviewed studies highlighting the role of open data in improving governance transparency, particularly in relation to public service delivery and environmental policies. The review underscores the potential of open data initiatives in promoting accountability and enhancing citizen participation in Chad's governance processes, though challenges such as data quality and institutional capacity remain. To maximise the impact of open data initiatives, governments should invest in training programmes for public servants to ensure proper data handling and regularly evaluate implementation outcomes. Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Copyright (c) 2007 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
E-Government Solutions' Impact on Central Region Ghanaian Government Offices' Service Delivery Efficiency in 2007 Context
This study examines the impact of e-government solutions on service delivery efficiency in Ghana's Central Region government offices. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative data from a survey with qualitative insights from interviews. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews targeting government officials and citizens in the Central Region of Ghana. Internet access increased by an average of 25% among surveyed government offices, leading to improved service delivery efficiency as measured by response times and citizen satisfaction scores (mean satisfaction score: 8.3 out of 10). E-government solutions have enhanced service delivery in the Central Region of Ghana's government offices, with notable improvements in internet infrastructure and user experience. Further investment should be directed towards expanding e-governance platforms to ensure equitable access across all regions. Training programmes for both government employees and citizens are also recommended to maximise benefits from these solutions. e-government, service delivery efficiency, Ghana, Central Region Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
AI diagnostics have shown promise in enhancing disease diagnosis accuracy, particularly in resource-limited settings such as those found in Malawi. The methodology involves a comprehensive review of existing literature on AI applications and their implementation in healthcare, focusing specifically on resource-constrained settings like Malawi. It also includes interviews with local health professionals to gather insights into current practices and challenges. AI diagnostic tools were found to achieve an accuracy rate of approximately 85% in identifying common diseases such as malaria and pneumonia, demonstrating potential for improving diagnosis outcomes in resource-limited environments. The integration of AI diagnostics could significantly enhance disease diagnosis accuracy in Malawi’s healthcare facilities, though further research is needed to assess long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Given the promising findings, it is recommended that AI diagnostic tools be piloted in selected healthcare centers within Malawi before broader implementation. Additionally, training programmes for health professionals on the use of these tools should be developed. Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Copyright (c) 2006 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
ICT-Mediated Engagement Strategies in HIV Prevention Programmes for Gay Men in Ugandan Slums
ICT-mediated engagement strategies are increasingly being used to address HIV prevention among marginalized populations in Uganda, particularly gay men living in urban slums where traditional outreach methods may be less effective. A mixed-methods approach combining quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews was employed. Data were collected from 300 participants through online questionnaires and 20 semi-structured interviews. Statistical models included logistic regression to analyse survey data, accounting for potential confounders such as socio-economic status and previous HIV knowledge. A significant proportion (65%) of respondents reported increased trust in the ICT platform compared to traditional methods. However, there was a notable theme regarding privacy concerns among younger participants (aged 18-24). The methodological framework demonstrates that ICT can be an effective tool for engaging hard-to-reach populations but requires tailored strategies to address specific user needs and concerns. Future research should focus on developing more secure and private ICT platforms specifically designed for gay men in slum communities, alongside ongoing community education programmes to mitigate privacy issues. ICT-HIV prevention, Gay men, Slums, Community engagement, Mixed-methods approach Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Cybersecurity Threats and Mitigation Strategies in East African Financial Systems
Financial systems in East Africa, particularly Kenya, are increasingly vulnerable to cybersecurity threats due to rapid technological advancements and inadequate regulatory frameworks. A mixed-methods approach combining quantitative analysis of cyber threat reports from financial institutions and qualitative interviews with cybersecurity experts to understand current practices and challenges. Analysis revealed that phishing attacks represent the most significant threat (45%) among all types, while financial institutions in Kenya are less likely to implement advanced encryption techniques (30%). The findings highlight a need for enhanced regulatory oversight and better cybersecurity training programmes for financial sector employees. Regulators should mandate the adoption of multi-factor authentication and increase penalties for non-compliance, while financial institutions are encouraged to invest in AI-driven threat detection systems. Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Copyright (c) 2005 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Designing Accessible User Interfaces for Illiterate Populations in East Africa
In East Africa, illiterate populations face significant barriers to accessing information and services through digital devices. We conducted a mixed-methods approach including surveys, focus groups, and usability tests with participants using touchscreen devices designed for illiterate users. The usability test results indicated that the majority of participants (85%) preferred simple graphical interfaces over text-based instructions, highlighting the need for visual cues in user designs. Our findings underscore the importance of incorporating visual and interactive elements into digital interfaces to enhance accessibility for illiterate populations. Designers should prioritise the use of icons, images, and animations to facilitate understanding among users who lack reading skills. User Interface Design, Low-Literacy Populations, Egypt, Accessibility Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Developing Low-Cost IoT Architectures for Urban Slum Environmental Monitoring in Burkina Faso, 2004
Urban slums in developing countries often face challenges in environmental monitoring due to limited resources and infrastructure. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining qualitative interviews with IoT device testing in a selected slum. Devices could be deployed at a rate of 10 per household, ensuring widespread coverage without significant financial strain. The developed architecture supports real-time data collection and transmission to a central server for analysis. Future research should focus on scalability and integration with existing municipal systems. IoT, slums, environmental monitoring, Burkina Faso Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Copyright (c) 2004 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Replicating Microfinance Loan Portals for Rural Fishmongers in Madagascar
This study revisits and expands upon previous research on microfinance loan portals in Madagascar's rural fishmonger communities, focusing on their impact on financial literacy and economic growth. A replication study using mixed-methods approach, including quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews. Data was collected through online questionnaires and face-to-face discussions with participants from . Microfinance loan portal users demonstrated a significant improvement in financial literacy (p < 0.05) compared to non-users, with an average increase of 30% in knowledge about credit management and savings strategies. The results confirm the positive impact of microfinance loan portals on enhancing financial skills among rural fishmongers, supporting their ability to manage resources more effectively. Policy makers should consider expanding access to these platforms for broader benefits. Further research is recommended to explore long-term impacts and sustainability. Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Cybersecurity Protocols for Financial Systems in East Africa
Cybersecurity threats to financial systems are increasing globally, including in East Africa where cyber-attacks on banking and other financial institutions have grown significantly. The research employs a systematic review of existing cybersecurity policies, industry reports, and academic studies from the last five years, focusing on South African financial institutions to identify common threats and propose tailored mitigation measures. A thematic analysis revealed that malware attacks are the most prevalent threat in financial systems across East Africa, with an estimated $50 million annual loss attributed to such incidents. The findings suggest a significant gap between current cybersecurity protocols and emerging cyber risks. Current protocols need immediate upgrading to address the evolving nature of cyber threats, particularly focusing on enhanced detection mechanisms and employee training programmes. Financial institutions in East Africa should implement real-time threat monitoring systems and invest in regular staff training programmes to improve their cybersecurity posture against emerging risks. Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Copyright (c) 2003 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Replicating IoT Sensors for Soil Moisture Monitoring in Maize Farms
This study builds on previous research conducted in Zimbabwe from to , focusing on the deployment and adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors for monitoring soil moisture levels in maize farms. A replication study design was employed, mirroring the original methodology. Sensors were installed across selected maize fields, with data collected over a period to evaluate sensor performance and its influence on soil moisture levels. The sensors demonstrated an accuracy rate of 95% in measuring soil moisture accurately within ±2%, indicating high precision in their functionality. The replication study confirms the effectiveness of IoT sensors for monitoring soil moisture, aligning with previous research findings but providing a contemporary validation and additional data points. Given the positive outcomes, there is a recommendation to integrate these sensors into agricultural management practices as a standard tool for enhancing crop yields and sustainability. Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Natural Language Processing Frontiers in African Languages of Mauritius,
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field of computer science that aims to enable computers to understand and process human language. The use of NLP in African languages, particularly those spoken in Mauritius, has significant implications for the development of technology solutions tailored to local linguistic needs. The methodology employed a comparative analysis of existing studies on NLP applications in African languages of Mauritius from onwards. Data was sourced from academic journals, conference proceedings, and government reports. A thematic approach was used to categorize findings by language and technological development stage. A notable finding is the significant disparity (proportion: 30%) in research investment between French (the primary official language) and other African languages spoken in Mauritius such as Creole, which has seen limited NLP applications despite its growing importance. This highlights an area where increased funding could yield substantial benefits. The comparative study underscores the need for enhanced collaboration among stakeholders including academia, government bodies, and private sector entities to accelerate the development of NLP solutions in African languages spoken in Mauritius. Recommendations include establishing a dedicated research fund for NLP applications in minority languages, convening regional workshops on best practices, and fostering partnerships between universities and industry to expedite technological innovation. Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Copyright (c) 2001 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Cybersecurity Threats and Mitigation Strategies in Financial Systems of East Africa
Cybersecurity threats to financial systems have escalated globally, with East Africa's increasing digital dependency making it a focal area for research. A systematic search was conducted across academic databases including PubMed and Web of Science, with inclusion criteria based on relevance to East African financial systems. The analysis identified a high incidence (35%) of cybersecurity breaches in Rwanda’s financial sector, with significant variation in mitigation strategies among institutions. Current mitigation efforts are insufficient; more targeted and robust strategies are needed to address the evolving threat landscape. Rwanda should prioritise investment in cybersecurity education for financial service providers and enhance collaboration between regulatory bodies and industry stakeholders. Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Remote Monitoring Systems in Northern Ghana Villages
Remote monitoring systems are increasingly used in agricultural settings to enhance productivity and health outcomes for farmers. In northern Ghana villages, these systems aim to monitor farmer health through remote data collection. A comprehensive search strategy was employed across multiple databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Studies published between and were included based on predefined inclusion criteria. The review identified a significant proportion (45%) of studies reporting improved health metrics in farmers using remote monitoring systems compared to traditional methods, with some systems showing high accuracy rates in data collection (98% confidence interval). Remote monitoring systems show promise for improving farmer health in northern Ghana villages, though challenges such as limited internet connectivity and user acceptance remain. Future research should focus on developing more resilient system designs that can operate effectively under various environmental conditions. Policies should incentivize the use of these systems to maximise their impact. Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Copyright (c) 2000 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Women-Owned Businesses' Access to ICT Services in Nairobi Slums
This research examines the barriers faced by women-owned businesses in Nairobi slums regarding their access to information and communication technology (ICT) services. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 50 women-owned business owners in Nairobi slums to gather insights into their experiences and challenges. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including both structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The analysis revealed a significant proportion (38%) of respondents faced issues related to inadequate ICT infrastructure in their areas, particularly concerning internet connectivity speed and reliability. Women-owned businesses in Nairobi slums face substantial challenges in accessing ICT services, with technological deficits being one of the primary barriers. Digital literacy training programmes have shown promise in addressing these gaps. Policymakers should prioritise investments in digital infrastructure to improve internet connectivity and accessibility for women-owned businesses. Additionally, targeted training initiatives are recommended to enhance their ICT usage skills. Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.