This article examines Accountability for Humanitarian Failures: When Systems Fail Vulnerable Populations: Multi-Level Governance Perspectives with a focused emphasis on Senegal within the field of Law. It is structured as a theoretical framework article that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.