Blockchain Innovations for Supply Chain Transparency in Mineral Extraction within Democratic Republic of Congo Context

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is a significant producer of minerals globally, including cobalt and copper. However, due to corruption and weak governance, there are concerns about transparency in mineral extraction supply chains, leading to environmental degradation and human rights abuses. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving both quantitative data analysis on existing blockchain projects related to mineral extraction and qualitative interviews with stakeholders including local communities, mining companies, and government officials. Blockchain-based supply chain transparency initiatives have shown potential in improving accountability by reducing intermediaries and increasing traceability. However, the integration process is hindered by technical infrastructure limitations and resistance from traditional actors. While blockchain can significantly improve transparency, its successful implementation requires overcoming technological and institutional barriers. Stakeholders should collaborate to develop a comprehensive strategy for blockchain adoption in mineral extraction, addressing regulatory frameworks and community engagement. Blockchain, Supply Chain Transparency, Mineral Extraction, Democratic Republic of Congo Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.