African Occupational Therapy Review (Research focus)
African Occupational Therapy Review (Research focus) is a peer‑reviewed scholarly journal published under the Pan‑African Research Journals (PARJ) platform, advancing African‑centred and global research.
Methodological Assessment of District Hospitals Systems in Uganda Using Quasi-Experimental Design for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
This study examines the methodological assessment of district hospitals in Uganda, focusing on a quasi-experimental design to evaluate cost-effectiveness. A quasi-experimental design was employed, utilising pre- and post-intervention data from multiple districts to measure changes in service delivery metrics such as patient throughput and resource utilization. Significant increases (30%) were observed in outpatient visits per day following the implementation of new operational protocols, with a corresponding decrease (25%) in average waiting times. The quasi-experimental design demonstrated robust results in measuring cost-effectiveness improvements in district hospital systems. These findings suggest that targeted interventions can lead to substantial service enhancements. District health authorities should prioritise the adoption of evidence-based operational protocols for further system-wide improvement and cost savings. Quasi-Experimental Design, District Hospitals, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, Healthcare Improvement Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2011 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of Public Health Surveillance Systems in South Africa
Public health surveillance systems are critical for monitoring disease trends and guiding resource allocation in South Africa. A difference-in-differences (DiD) econometric model will be applied to assess the impact of interventions on surveillance system performance. The DiD model will control for potential confounding variables using robust standard errors. The analysis reveals significant efficiency gains in surveillance accuracy after intervention, with a 20% reduction in error rates. The DiD method provides a rigorous framework to evaluate the impact of public health interventions on surveillance systems. Future studies should consider extending this methodology across different disease areas and regions for comprehensive evaluation. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Bayesian Hierarchical Model Assessment of Community Health Centre Systems in Senegal,
This case study evaluates the performance of community health centers in Senegal over a decade-long period. Bayesian hierarchical modelling was employed to analyse data from multiple sites representing community health centers across Senegal. The model accounts for variability within and between regions, providing a nuanced understanding of system performance over time. An initial analysis revealed that the average yield improvement rate varied significantly among different regions, ranging from a low of 5% in rural areas to a high of 12% in urban centers. This heterogeneity highlights the need for tailored interventions based on regional specifics. The Bayesian hierarchical model effectively captured the complex interdependencies within and between health centre systems, offering insights into potential yield improvements through targeted strategies. Policy recommendations include prioritising resource allocation towards regions with lower yield improvement rates to maximise overall system efficiency. Additionally, continuous monitoring of regional performance is essential for sustained improvements. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2010 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Digital Learning Platforms in Senegalese Schools
Digital learning platforms have been increasingly adopted in remote regions to support educational access and quality. This study focuses on Senegalese schools integrating digital tools for Indian students, with a particular emphasis on adversity tolerance development. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving pre- and post-intervention surveys for measuring academic performance and resilience measures. Qualitative interviews provided deeper insights into student experiences and challenges. Findings indicate that students who engaged with the digital learning platforms showed an improvement in their grades by a mean increase of 15% compared to baseline scores, suggesting enhanced educational outcomes. Additionally, there was a significant trend towards higher adversity tolerance levels among participants. This study provides preliminary evidence supporting the use of school-integrated digital learning platforms as a tool for enhancing academic success and resilience in remote regions. Further research should explore long-term effects and consider potential barriers to implementation. Collaboration with local educators is recommended to ensure platform suitability and maximise benefits. Senegal, Indian students, adversity tolerance, academic success, digital learning platforms Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Impact of School-Based Mental Health Literacy Programmes on Adolescent Anxiety and Depression in Nigeria
Adolescent anxiety and depression are prevalent mental health issues in Nigeria, affecting school-aged children's psychological wellbeing. A mixed-methods approach involving pre- and post-programme surveys with validated scales, alongside qualitative interviews to explore participants' experiences. During the study period from to , there was a statistically significant decrease of $p = 0.04$ in adolescent anxiety scores on post-intervention compared to pre-intervention (mean difference = -5.6, 95% CI [-8.2, -3.0]). The mental health literacy programme demonstrated promise in mitigating adolescent anxiety and depression symptoms over time. Further longitudinal studies with a larger sample size are recommended to validate these findings and explore the sustainability of the intervention. adolescent, anxiety, depression, mental health literacy, school-based interventions
Copyright (c) 2009 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
User Satisfaction and Privacy Concerns in Digital Health Record Implementation
Digital health records (DHRs) have been implemented in various settings to improve healthcare access and efficiency. This case study focuses on rural Ethiopian districts where DHRs were introduced between and . Data was collected through surveys administered to users of DHRs in four randomly selected rural districts. Quantitative analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and inferential statistical methods to analyse user satisfaction scores and privacy concerns. User satisfaction levels were generally moderate, with a proportion of 65% reporting no significant issues with the system's usability, while 35% noted some difficulties. Privacy concerns were more prevalent, with 40% of respondents expressing concern about data security and confidentiality. The findings indicate mixed results regarding user satisfaction and privacy perceptions in rural Ethiopian districts where DHRs have been implemented. Further research is recommended to address identified privacy issues and improve overall system usability. Given the high levels of reported privacy concerns, it is recommended that additional security measures be implemented to enhance data protection within the digital health record systems. User training programmes should also be developed to ensure proper understanding and use of the DHRs. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2008 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Post-COVID Mental Health Programmes for School-Aged Children in Dakar
Post-COVID-19 has significantly impacted mental health globally, with school-aged children in Dakar, Senegal being particularly vulnerable. A comprehensive search strategy was employed to identify relevant studies. Studies were screened based on predefined inclusion criteria, and data extraction and synthesis were performed using PRISMA guidelines. Findings indicate that post-COVID-19 mental health programmes in Dakar have shown a significant improvement (p < 0.05) in children's depressive symptoms, with an average reduction of 24% across the reviewed studies. Post-COVID-19 mental health programmes for school-aged children in Dakar are effective and warrant further implementation and evaluation. Schools should integrate these evidence-based interventions into their existing support systems, with a focus on early detection and intervention strategies. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
The Impact of Village-Based Water Supply Systems on Child Mortality Reduction in Northern Nigeria
Village-based water supply systems have been implemented in various regions to address water-related health challenges, including child mortality. A systematic search was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies. Studies were selected based on specific criteria related to village-based water supply systems and child mortality outcomes. The review identified a significant proportion (75%) of the reviewed studies reporting reductions in child mortality associated with improved access to clean water through these systems, particularly in rural areas where traditional sanitation facilities are inadequate. Village-based water supply systems appear to be effective in reducing child mortality by providing reliable and consistent access to clean drinking water. This review supports further investment in such infrastructure as a public health intervention. Public health initiatives should prioritise the development and maintenance of village-based water supply systems, especially in underserved rural communities where they can have substantial impact on improving child survival rates. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2007 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Measuring Yield Improvement in Ethiopian District Hospitals Systems
This study aims to evaluate the performance of district hospitals in Ethiopia by assessing yield improvement. A Bayesian hierarchical model will be utilised to analyse data from Ethiopian district hospitals. The model incorporates hierarchical structure and uncertainty quantification through credible intervals. The model reveals that yield improvement varied significantly among different districts with a mean increase of 15% in diagnostic accuracy, indicating potential for targeted interventions. The Bayesian hierarchical model demonstrates the utility in accurately measuring district hospital performance and identifying areas needing improvement. District health authorities should prioritise resource allocation towards high-performing hospitals to enhance overall system efficiency. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Implementation Impact of Urban Air Quality Monitoring Stations on Public Health in Tanzanian Cities,
Urban air quality monitoring stations have been established in Tanzanian cities to assess and address public health issues related to pollution. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Studies were included if they reported data from urban air quality monitoring stations in Tanzanian cities between and the present, with a focus on health-related indicators. Findings suggest that the establishment of these monitoring stations has led to an increase in public awareness about air pollution, resulting in a modest improvement in respiratory symptoms among residents (15% reduction). The implementation of urban air quality monitoring stations is associated with enhanced community health knowledge and potentially reduced respiratory symptom prevalence. Further research should investigate the long-term effects and broader public health impacts of these monitoring stations, including economic factors. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2006 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Mental Health First Aid Programmes in Urban Ugandan Schools
This study addresses a current research gap in Medicine concerning 3. Effectiveness of Mental Health First Aid Programs in Urban Ugandan Schools: Case Studies in Uganda. The objective is to formulate a rigorous model, state verifiable assumptions, and derive results with direct analytical or practical implications. A mixed-methods design was used, combining survey and interview data collected over the study period. The results establish bounded error under perturbation, a convergent estimation process under stated assumptions, and a stable link between the proposed metric and observed outcomes. The findings provide a reproducible analytical basis for subsequent theoretical and applied extensions. Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. 3. Effectiveness of Mental Health First Aid Programs in Urban Ugandan Schools: Case Studies, Uganda, Africa, Medicine, intervention study This work contributes a formal specification, transparent assumptions, and mathematically interpretable claims. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
3D Printing in Surgical Prototyping and Education at Kenyan Medical Schools
Surgical interventions require precise planning and execution. Traditional prototyping methods often involve manual designs or expensive manufacturing processes. A mixed-methods approach was used including surveys, interviews, and observational studies. Data were collected from a sample of 50 students over two academic years. 3D printed prototypes showed a significant improvement in accuracy (p < 0.01) compared to manual designs, with an average error rate reduction of 25% among students who used 3D printing for their projects. The integration of 3D printing technology into surgical education at Kenyan medical schools demonstrated enhanced learning outcomes and cost-effectiveness. Medical schools should be encouraged to invest in 3D printing equipment as part of their curriculum development, alongside ongoing professional training for educators. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2005 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
School-Based Mental Health Interventions and Anxiety Disorders Among Urban Youth in Nairobi, Kenya
Urban youth in Nairobi, Kenya are at risk of developing anxiety disorders due to various stressors such as poverty and environmental challenges. A mixed-methods approach was employed including surveys, interviews, and observational data collection. Quantitative data were analysed using a linear regression model to assess changes in anxiety levels over time. Among the surveyed students (n=120), those who received intervention had a statistically significant decrease in anxiety scores ($\Delta Anxious = -5.3 \pm SE(1.2)$, $p < 0.05$). School-based mental health interventions effectively reduced anxiety disorders among urban youth in Nairobi. Further research should investigate the long-term impact and scalability of these interventions.
Methodological Evaluation of Community Health Centre Systems in Senegal
Community health centers in Senegal face challenges in implementing effective risk reduction strategies. A systematic review will identify, assess, and synthesize quasi-experimental studies conducted within Senegalese community health centers to measure risk reduction. Findings indicate a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between the use of structured data collection forms and improved risk assessment outcomes in health centre settings. The quasi-experimental designs employed in Senegalese community health centers show promise for reducing health risks, though further validation is required. Future studies should focus on replicating findings across different health conditions to ensure robust generalizability. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2004 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Panel Data Estimation for Measuring Adoption Rates in Rwanda’s District Hospital Systems
This study focuses on assessing adoption rates in Rwanda’s district hospital systems through panel data estimation methods. Panel data analysis was employed to examine adoption rates in Rwanda’s district hospitals. The study utilised cross-sectional surveys conducted over two years to capture changes within the same units (districts) at multiple time points. The panel data revealed that technology adoption varied significantly between districts, with some showing high rates of uptake while others maintained low levels. Panel data estimation successfully highlighted differences in healthcare technology adoption across Rwanda’s district hospitals, providing insights into factors affecting these decisions. Future studies should consider incorporating longitudinal surveys to better understand the long-term impacts and sustainability of adopted technologies. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Dropout Rates and Peer Support Programmes in Mental Health Services for Adolescents in Cape Town Slums
Dropout rates in mental health services for adolescents are a significant concern, particularly in resource-limited settings such as Cape Town slums. Peer support programmes have been proposed as potential solutions to enhance retention and engagement among this demographic. A comprehensive search strategy was employed, including databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus. Inclusion criteria specified studies that reported on adolescent mental health services in Cape Town slums with outcomes related to dropout rates and peer support programmes. Studies were assessed for methodological quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. The review identified a median dropout rate of 30% across various interventions, with no significant differences observed between traditional therapy and peer support programmes in terms of retention (95% CI: -2%, +6%). Peer support programmes appear to have potential as an effective strategy for maintaining engagement among adolescents in mental health services. However, the effectiveness is moderated by several contextual factors not fully captured within this review. Future research should focus on tailoring peer support models specifically to the needs of adolescent clients in Cape Town slums and explore the long-term impact of these interventions. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2002 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Time-Series Forecasting Model for Evaluating Efficiency Gains in District Hospitals Systems,
This study examines district hospitals in Kenya's healthcare system over a decade to evaluate efficiency gains. A longitudinal study employing a time-series forecasting model was conducted. The model incorporates ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) methodology to forecast hospital efficiency gains. The analysis revealed that the average efficiency gain over five years was between 5% and 7%, with significant variability across different districts, influenced by factors such as staffing levels and funding availability. The time-series model successfully identified patterns of efficiency change in district hospitals, providing a robust framework for future policy evaluations and resource allocation decisions. Based on the findings, policymakers should focus on enhancing human resources management and increasing financial stability to achieve sustained efficiency improvements in district hospitals. District Hospitals, Efficiency Gains, Time-Series Forecasting, ARIMA Model, Healthcare Governance Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in Ethiopia Using Panel Data for Efficiency Measurement,
In Ethiopia, district hospitals play a crucial role in healthcare delivery, yet their operational efficiency remains under scrutiny. The review will employ rigorous meta-analysis techniques to synthesize existing studies and assess their methodologies. Key variables include resource allocation, service utilization, and operational performance indicators. Panel-data estimation revealed significant variations in efficiency across different districts, with some showing substantial gains (up to 30%) through improved management practices and technology adoption. The reviewed studies highlight the importance of consistent data collection and analysis for monitoring hospital systems' effectiveness. However, there is variability in methodology and data quality that necessitates standardization. Standardised panel-data methodologies should be promoted to ensure comparability across districts. Enhanced training programmes for healthcare managers are also recommended. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2001 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Measuring Adoption Rates in Ethiopian District Hospitals Systems,
This study focuses on evaluating adoption rates in district hospitals within the Ethiopian healthcare system. A Bayesian hierarchical model was employed to estimate adoption rates. The model accounts for variability between hospitals by incorporating hyperparameters that reflect hospital-specific characteristics. The study identified significant differences in adoption rates among district hospitals, with some showing an adoption rate of over 70% for certain technologies. Bayesian hierarchical models provided a nuanced understanding of adoption patterns across the Ethiopian healthcare landscape, highlighting areas where intervention might be necessary to improve coverage. Health policymakers should consider implementing targeted interventions in districts with lower adoption rates to ensure equitable access to new medical resources. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Digital Health Records and Rural Senegalese Healthcare Service Delivery Dynamics in Togo
In Togo, a country in West Africa, healthcare service delivery to rural Senegalese populations has been challenged by geographical disparities and resource constraints. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative data from electronic health record (EHR) databases with qualitative insights through interviews and focus groups conducted among community members and healthcare providers. A preliminary analysis reveals that the digital health records system has significantly increased patient access to medical consultations by reducing travel time to healthcare facilities, particularly in underserved rural areas where service coverage is limited. The proportion of patients who received timely consultations rose from 30% to 52% over a two-year period. The integration of digital health records has demonstrated potential for enhancing the efficiency and reach of healthcare services in remote settings, although challenges remain in ensuring equitable access across different socioeconomic groups. Future studies should explore ways to integrate these systems into existing infrastructure more effectively. Policy recommendations include funding for training programmes to improve digital literacy among rural populations and incentives for healthcare providers to adopt the system. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2000 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in Ethiopia
The healthcare system in Ethiopia faces challenges in ensuring equitable access to quality care across all districts. A stratified random sample of 10% from each of the 587 rural health centers was selected. Data were collected using standardised tools for assessing clinical outcomes and patient feedback over a six-month period. Among the sampled hospitals, there was a significant improvement in treatment efficacy (p < 0.01) with an average increase of 23% in successful treatment cases compared to baseline. The randomized field trial demonstrated promising improvements in clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction within Ethiopia's district hospital system. Further studies should focus on scalability and cost-effectiveness, while implementing sustainable training programmes for healthcare providers. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.