Air Pollution in Urban Lagos: Sources, Impacts, and Control Measures

Urban Lagos is a significant source of air pollution due to industrial activities, vehicular emissions, and waste incineration. A combination of ground-level particulate matter (PM2.5) monitoring, vehicle emission tests, and waste management audits were conducted across different districts. Ground-level PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the World Health Organisation's guidelines in 70% of sampled urban areas, primarily due to vehicular emissions and industrial activities. The identified sources are significant contributors to air pollution, with a notable impact on respiratory health among urban residents. Implementing stricter emission standards for vehicles and reducing waste incineration could significantly reduce PM2.5 levels in urban Lagos. Urban Lagos, Air Pollution, Control Measures, Ground-Level PM2.5 The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.