Water scarcity is a significant challenge in Uganda, necessitating effective water treatment solutions. A mixed-method approach combining quantitative analysis and qualitative insights was employed to assess the performance of various water treatment systems in Uganda, focusing on operational costs, efficiency, and environmental impact. The study revealed a significant reduction (30%) in operational costs for a specific type of membrane filtration system compared to traditional sand filtration methods, with a confidence interval of ±5% around this estimate. Quasi-experimental design provided robust evidence supporting the cost-effectiveness and efficiency gains of membrane filtration systems over conventional methods. Ugandan policymakers are encouraged to adopt these findings for the development and implementation of sustainable water treatment infrastructure, particularly in rural areas where access to clean water is limited. Quasi-experimental design, Water treatment facilities, Cost-effectiveness, Uganda, Membrane filtration The maintenance outcome was modelled as $Y_{it}=\beta_0+\beta_1X_{it}+u_i+\varepsilon_{it}$, with robustness checked using heteroskedasticity-consistent errors.