A Systematic Review of Multi-Sectoral Action Plans for Childhood Stunting Reduction in Rwanda: An Analysis of Strategies and Outcomes from 2021 to 2026

Childhood stunting remains a critical public health challenge in Rwanda, despite significant national efforts. This systematic literature review synthesises evidence on the impact of Rwanda’s multi-sectoral action plans (MSAPs) on reducing childhood stunting from 2000 to 2023, a period encompassing the development and maturation of key national nutrition policies. The objective was to evaluate the design, implementation, and outcomes of these integrated strategies spanning health, agriculture, social protection, and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) sectors. Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, African Journals Online, and relevant grey literature. Studies were screened, critically appraised, and analysed thematically. The review found that MSAPs, particularly the National Food and Nutrition Strategic Plan, are associated with a measurable decline in stunting prevalence. This is attributed to coordinated interventions such as the provision of fortified complementary foods, farmer field schools, and community-based nutrition education. However, analysis reveals persistent disparities in rural and low-income households, alongside challenges in sustained financing and sub-national coordination. This review demonstrates that while Rwanda’s model of multi-sectoral convergence is effective, its full potential is hindered by systemic inequities. The findings underscore the necessity of embedding equity and robust monitoring frameworks within integrated nutrition strategies to accelerate progress.