Methodological Assessment of Urban Primary Care Network Systems in Tanzania: A Multilevel Regression Analysis of Clinical Outcomes

Urban primary care networks in Tanzania are pivotal for addressing health disparities; however, their effectiveness is often underpinned by methodological variability. A comprehensive search strategy was employed to identify relevant studies, focusing on quality assessment through predefined criteria. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to analyse clinical outcome data from multiple levels (individual, provider, system). The analysis revealed a significant positive association between the complexity of network design and improved patient adherence rates (OR = 1.25, CI: 1.08-1.45). While methodological heterogeneity remains an issue, this review provides insights into enhancing primary care effectiveness in urban settings. Systematic quality improvement initiatives are recommended to ensure consistent and robust clinical outcomes across different network configurations.