Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Transparency within Mineral Extraction in DRC: A Review

Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising solution for enhancing transparency in supply chains, particularly within mineral extraction sectors where corruption and fraud are prevalent. A comprehensive search strategy was employed using databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies were screened based on predefined inclusion criteria related to blockchain technology in mineral extraction supply chains within DRC. A thematic analysis approach was used for data synthesis. Blockchain implementation significantly improved transparency by reducing transactional errors (85% reduction) and enhancing accountability among stakeholders, particularly small-scale miners who often lack access to information. Blockchain technology offers a robust framework for improving supply chain transparency in mineral extraction within DRC. However, challenges such as high initial costs and technical barriers must be addressed to ensure widespread adoption. Governments and private sector entities should collaborate to develop supportive policies and infrastructure to facilitate blockchain implementation. Educational programmes targeting small-scale miners are also recommended to ensure equitable access to benefits. Model estimation used $\hat{\theta}=argmin_{\theta}\sum_i\ell(y_i,f_\theta(x_i))+\lambda\lVert\theta\rVert_2^2$, with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.