This article examines Small State Diplomacy in the Horn of Africa: Erratic Alliances and Survival Strategies: Towards a Research Agenda with a focused emphasis on Libya within the field of Political Science. It is structured as a theoretical framework article that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.