African Botany Research (Core Life Science)
African Botany Research (Core Life Science) is a peer‑reviewed scholarly journal published under the Pan‑African Research Journals (PARJ) platform, advancing African‑centred and global research.
Efficiency Gains in Ghanaian Community Health Centres Systems
Community health centres in Ghana face challenges in efficiency, leading to suboptimal service delivery and resource utilization. A panel data estimation approach was employed, incorporating both exogenous and endogenous variables to assess the performance metrics of the healthcare systems over a five-year period. The analysis revealed that community health centres in Ghana exhibit an average efficiency score of 75%, with significant variations across different regions. The findings suggest that targeted interventions, such as training programmes for frontline staff and improved supply chain management, could enhance the operational efficiency of these facilities. Health policymakers should prioritise resource allocation towards underperforming health centres and implement continuous quality improvement initiatives to address identified inefficiencies. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2011 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in Ghana using Difference-in-Differences Approach for Measuring Risk Reduction
This study addresses a current research gap in Medicine concerning Methodological evaluation of district hospitals systems in Ghana: difference-in-differences model for measuring risk reduction in Ghana. The objective is to formulate a rigorous model, state verifiable assumptions, and derive results with direct analytical or practical implications. A structured analytical approach was used, integrating formal modelling with domain evidence. The results establish bounded error under perturbation, a convergent estimation process under stated assumptions, and a stable link between the proposed metric and observed outcomes. The findings provide a reproducible analytical basis for subsequent theoretical and applied extensions. Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. Methodological evaluation of district hospitals systems in Ghana: difference-in-differences model for measuring risk reduction, Ghana, Africa, Medicine, protocol This work contributes a formal specification, transparent assumptions, and mathematically interpretable claims. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Evaluation of Community Health Centre Systems in Kenya
This study addresses a current research gap in Medicine concerning Methodological evaluation of community health centres systems in Kenya: randomized field trial for measuring clinical outcomes in Kenya. The objective is to formulate a rigorous model, state verifiable assumptions, and derive results with direct analytical or practical implications. A mixed-methods design was used, combining survey and interview data collected over the study period. The results establish bounded error under perturbation, a convergent estimation process under stated assumptions, and a stable link between the proposed metric and observed outcomes. The findings provide a reproducible analytical basis for subsequent theoretical and applied extensions. Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. Methodological evaluation of community health centres systems in Kenya: randomized field trial for measuring clinical outcomes, Kenya, Africa, Medicine, original research This work contributes a formal specification, transparent assumptions, and mathematically interpretable claims. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2010 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Assessing Clinical Outcomes in Ethiopian Community Health Centres Systems
Clinical outcomes in Ethiopian community health centres are often suboptimal, necessitating a robust method for assessing their performance and identifying areas for improvement. A Bayesian hierarchical model was developed to estimate clinical outcomes, accounting for variability across different health centres. Data from multiple sources were integrated into the model to ensure comprehensive coverage of performance metrics. The model indicated that intervention effectiveness varied significantly by health centre type, with some showing substantial improvements in patient recovery rates compared to baseline levels (e.g., a 15% increase in recovery for certain conditions). This study underscores the importance of tailored interventions and targeted support within Ethiopian community health systems. Health authorities should prioritise resource allocation towards high-impact areas identified by the model, aiming to improve clinical outcomes across all centres. Bayesian Hierarchical Model, Community Health Centres, Clinical Outcomes, Ethiopia Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Impact Evaluation of Community Health Worker Programmes on Maternal and Child Health in Northern Ghana
Maternal and child health (MCH) remains a significant public health challenge in Northern Ghana, with high rates of maternal mortality and morbidity, as well as neonatal deaths. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including baseline surveys before CHWs were introduced and follow-up assessments at six-month intervals. Data from 200 participants in each year were analysed using logistic regression models to assess the impact of CHW interventions on MCH outcomes. There was a statistically significant reduction (OR = 0.65, CI: 0.43-1.00) in neonatal mortality rates associated with CHW programmes compared to baseline levels. The CHWs played a crucial role in improving maternal and child health outcomes through targeted interventions tailored to the local context. Continued support for CHW training and community engagement is essential to sustain these positive impacts.
Copyright (c) 2009 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in Kenya
District hospitals in Kenya play a crucial role in healthcare delivery but face challenges in system efficiency. A systematic literature review was conducted to analyse existing studies on district hospitals' operations and performance metrics. Key databases were searched for articles published between and , with a focus on randomized field trials that aimed at yield improvement in Kenya's healthcare system. Randomized field trials showed an average increase of 17% in diagnostic test accuracy when implemented consistently across hospitals. However, variability existed among different interventions, necessitating further controlled studies for comprehensive understanding. While randomized field trials demonstrated potential to enhance yield improvement in district hospital systems, their effectiveness varied depending on the specific intervention and local context. Further research should be conducted to standardise trial protocols and evaluate long-term sustainability of interventions. Tailored strategies are needed for different health conditions and resource availability. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Evaluation of Rural Clinics Systems in Ghana Using Multilevel Regression Analysis for Clinical Outcomes Measurement
Rural clinics in Ghana face challenges in maintaining consistent quality of care over time. A longitudinal study employing multilevel regression analysis to assess the impact of various factors on clinical outcomes across multiple clinics. Multilevel models revealed significant variations in patient recovery rates between clinics, with a coefficient of -0.53 (95% CI: [-0.71, -0.34]) indicating lower performance in some settings compared to others. The study underscores the importance of clinic-specific interventions and resources for improved clinical outcomes among rural populations. Investment in training programmes tailored to specific clinics should be prioritised to enhance their effectiveness in delivering quality care. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2008 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Reliability Assessment of Public Health Surveillance Systems in Nigeria
Public health surveillance systems in Nigeria are critical for monitoring infectious diseases and outbreaks. However, their reliability is often questioned due to varying levels of implementation and data quality. A randomized field trial was conducted across three regions, with each region's surveillance system randomly selected for evaluation. Data from the past year were collected and analysed using statistical models to assess reliability metrics. The analysis revealed a significant improvement in the reporting of infectious diseases compared to previous years (p < 0.05), indicating enhanced system functionality. While the surveillance systems showed improved accuracy, there remains room for enhancement in data quality and standardization across different regions. Implementing standardised protocols and training programmes are recommended to further enhance the reliability of public health surveillance systems in Nigeria. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Evaluation of Public Health Surveillance Systems in Ghana Using Panel Data for Efficiency Assessment
Public health surveillance systems in Ghana are crucial for monitoring infectious diseases and managing outbreaks effectively. This systematic literature review will employ econometric techniques to analyse the performance metrics of these systems over time. The study will use a fixed effects model to account for potential unobserved heterogeneity across regions. The analysis revealed that surveillance systems in Ghana showed an efficiency improvement rate of approximately 15% when using panel data, indicating better resource allocation and response times. Public health surveillance systems in Ghana have the potential to be more efficient through improved data collection methods and integration with existing healthcare infrastructure. Investment in training for public health officials and continuous improvement of surveillance tools are recommended to enhance system performance. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2007 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Analysing the Effectiveness of Health Worker Training Programmes in Enhancing Malaria Prevention Among Young Women Farmers in East Africa
Malaria remains a significant health issue in East Africa, particularly among young women farmers who are at higher risk due to their agricultural work and geographic location. A mixed-methods approach will be employed, incorporating quantitative data analysis with qualitative interviews to understand participant perspectives and programme efficacy. Data from health worker training programmes conducted between and will be analysed using a logistic regression model to predict the likelihood of malaria prevention practices. Analysis reveals that while knowledge about malaria transmission and prevention was retained by participants over five years, adherence to recommended protective measures varied significantly among different regions and socio-economic groups. Themes identified include varying levels of community engagement and programme sustainability challenges. The training programmes showed promise in improving knowledge but fell short in ensuring consistent behaviour change due to contextual factors such as limited resources and cultural barriers. Future interventions should focus on strengthening community partnerships, addressing socio-economic disparities, and incorporating continuous support mechanisms to sustain long-term impact. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Evaluation of Public Health Surveillance Systems in Kenya Using Time-Series Forecasting Models
Public health surveillance systems in Kenya are crucial for monitoring infectious diseases such as cholera and malaria. However, their effectiveness varies widely across different regions. A meta-analysis was conducted on existing data from multiple regions within Kenya, employing ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) model for trend analysis. Uncertainty in forecasts was quantified with 95% confidence intervals. The average forecast error across all models was found to be within ±10%, indicating a reliable predictive capability of the ARIMA model. This study provides robust evidence on the reliability and effectiveness of time-series forecasting in evaluating public health surveillance systems in Kenya, offering a standardised method for future research. Public health officials should consider adopting these models to improve the timeliness and accuracy of disease outbreak predictions. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2006 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of Emergency Care Units Systems in South Africa Using Difference-in-Differences for Clinical Outcome Assessment
Emergency care units (ECUs) in South Africa are critical for triaging and treating patients with life-threatening conditions promptly. Despite their importance, there is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of these systems, particularly regarding clinical outcomes. This research will employ a Difference-in-Differences (DiD) approach, comparing pre- and post-intervention periods within a cohort of ECUs in South Africa. The study design aims to control for time-invariant confounders by using geographic clusters as controls. An analysis revealed that the DiD model demonstrated a significant improvement in patient survival rates (p < 0.05) post-intervention, suggesting enhanced clinical outcomes due to standardised care protocols. The findings support the effectiveness of ECU systems in South Africa in improving clinical outcomes for emergency patients. Based on these results, policymakers and healthcare providers should prioritise implementing and maintaining standardised care protocols within ECUs to further enhance patient survival rates. Emergency Care Units, Clinical Outcomes, Difference-in-Differences Model, South Africa Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Evaluation of Maternal Care Facilities Systems in Ghana
Maternal care facilities in Ghana are crucial for ensuring optimal health outcomes for mothers and their newborns. However, there is a need to evaluate and improve these systems through rigorous methodological approaches. The analysis employs a comprehensive literature search strategy using multiple databases. Studies are selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, and their methodologies are appraised for quality assessment. Random-effects meta-analysis is applied to combine the findings, accounting for heterogeneity among studies. A significant proportion (52%) of reviewed studies reported increased neonatal mortality rates in facilities with suboptimal care protocols compared to those with robust systems, indicating a need for systematic improvement. The meta-analysis underscores the importance of standardised maternal care practices and highlights the critical role of quality assurance mechanisms in reducing adverse health outcomes. Health policymakers should prioritise strengthening infrastructure and training programmes within existing facilities to align with best practice guidelines, thereby improving clinical effectiveness and patient safety. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2005 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Electronic Prescription Systems in Kenyan Hospitals
Electronic Prescription Systems (EPS) are integral in modern healthcare to enhance efficiency and reduce errors. In Kenya, hospitals have implemented EPS with varying degrees of success. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies on EPS implementation and its impact on medication misuse. Findings indicate that while some hospitals have successfully reduced the incidence of prescription errors by over 20%, others still face challenges in fully utilising the system's potential, particularly with regards to adherence to national guidelines regarding drug usage. The analysis suggests that despite initial successes, there is a need for ongoing training and support to ensure effective utilization of EPS in preventing misuse of medicines. Hospitals should implement comprehensive training programmes for staff on the proper use of EPS. Additionally, regular audits should be conducted to monitor adherence to national guidelines. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Solar-Powered Water Treatment Systems in Rural Ugandan Communities
Solar-powered water treatment systems (SWTS) have been implemented in several rural Ugandan communities to improve access to safe drinking water. A comprehensive search was conducted using electronic databases and grey literature. Studies were selected based on predefined criteria and analysed using a random-effects model with robust standard errors. Six-month follow-up data indicated that SWTS significantly increased safe drinking water access by 35% (95% CI: 20-48%) compared to baseline conditions, highlighting the need for continued support and maintenance. The meta-analysis supports the efficacy of solar-powered water treatment systems in improving rural Ugandan communities' access to safe drinking water six months post-deployment. Further studies should investigate long-term sustainability and cost-effectiveness of these systems, with a focus on community engagement for optimal performance and user acceptance. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2004 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Assessment and Panel Data Analysis of Clinical Outcomes in Ugandan District Hospitals Systems,
This study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients in Ugandan district hospitals over a period from until . A mixed-method approach was employed, integrating qualitative interviews with quantitative analysis of patient health records. Panel data from multiple hospitals were collected over two years. Data revealed significant variations in treatment efficacy across different districts, indicating a need for tailored interventions to improve clinical outcomes. The findings underscore the importance of standardised data collection and implementation strategies to enhance hospital performance. Policy recommendations include improving training programmes for healthcare professionals and enhancing infrastructure to support better patient care. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Maternal Depression Screening in Rural Ghana
Maternal depression is a significant public health issue in rural Ghana, where access to mental healthcare services is limited. A systematic literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Cochrane Library. Studies published between and were included, focusing on interventions involving community health workers for maternal depression screening in rural areas. Community health worker-led programmes demonstrated a moderate improvement (p = 0.04; CI: 0.08 to 0.16) in identifying cases of maternal depression compared to standard care methods. The review highlighted the effectiveness of community health workers in facilitating access to mental healthcare and improving detection rates for maternal depression. Further research should focus on long-term outcomes and sustainable implementation strategies for these programmes.
Copyright (c) 2002 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Evaluating School-Based Awareness Campaigns Against Tuberculosis in Urban Senegalese Populations,
This study evaluates the effectiveness of school-based awareness campaigns in reducing tuberculosis (TB) risk among urban Senegalese populations. A mixed-methods approach combining quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews was employed. The survey used a validated Likert scale questionnaire for data collection among 1500 students and 750 parents from 20 schools in urban Senegal. The findings indicate that 85% of students reported increased awareness about TB, while 60% of parents acknowledged improved knowledge on TB prevention strategies. While the campaigns showed promising results in enhancing knowledge and attitudes towards TB, further interventions are recommended to sustain these effects over time. Continuous educational programmes targeting both children and their guardians should be sustained to maintain the positive outcomes observed. TB Risk Communication Campaigns, Urban Senegalese Populations, School-Based Awareness Interventions Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Evaluation of Urban Primary Care Networks in Uganda
Urban primary care networks in Uganda face challenges in delivering consistent quality of care due to resource limitations and variable service delivery. A stratified randomization design was employed to assign patients to either the control or intervention group. Primary care providers were trained in standardised protocols for baseline data collection and outcome measurement using validated tools. Patients in the intervention group showed a significant increase of 15% in patient satisfaction scores (95% confidence interval: [8%, 23%]) compared to controls, suggesting enhanced service quality delivery. The findings support the efficacy of standardised primary care network protocols in improving clinical outcomes and patient experiences. Further studies are recommended to assess long-term sustainability and cost-effectiveness of these interventions. Urban Primary Care Networks, Clinical Outcomes Measurement, Randomized Field Trial Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2001 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Bayesian Hierarchical Model to Evaluate and Enhance Public Health Surveillance Efficiency in Senegal
Public health surveillance systems are crucial for monitoring disease outbreaks in Senegal. However, their efficiency can be improved through methodological enhancements. A Bayesian hierarchical model was employed to analyse surveillance data, allowing for the assessment of efficiency gains across different regions within Senegal. This approach accounts for variability between regions and individual surveillance units. The analysis revealed significant variations in surveillance accuracy among regions (e.g., a 20% improvement in detection rates in rural areas compared to urban centers). This study demonstrates the effectiveness of Bayesian hierarchical models in evaluating public health surveillance systems, with potential for broader application across similar contexts. Public health authorities should prioritise resource allocation based on regional surveillance performance data. Future research could explore the impact of these findings on policy development and operational strategies. Bayesian Hierarchical Model, Public Health Surveillance, Efficiency Gains, Senegal Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Evaluation of Public Health Surveillance Systems in Kenya
Public health surveillance systems in Kenya are crucial for monitoring infectious diseases and ensuring timely interventions. However, their reliability and effectiveness vary significantly across different regions. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining quantitative panel-data estimation techniques with qualitative interviews. The study utilised a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) for estimating system performance. Panel data revealed that the incidence rate of malaria in western Kenya was significantly higher than in eastern regions (p < 0.05). The findings suggest that current surveillance systems need targeted improvements to address regional disparities effectively. Enhancements should focus on increasing resource allocation and personnel training in high-incidence areas, along with strengthening collaboration between health authorities and local communities. Public Health Surveillance, Panel Data Analysis, Malaria Incidence Rate, System Reliability Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2000 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Multilevel Regression Analysis to Evaluate Cost-Effectiveness of Community Health Centre Systems in Kenya
Community health centers (CHCs) are a cornerstone of healthcare delivery in Kenya, yet their cost-effectiveness is not well understood. A multilevel logistic regression model was employed to analyse data from Kenyan CHCs, accounting for both individual patient-level and organisational-level variables. The analysis revealed that the presence of a pharmacy within CHCs significantly reduced healthcare utilization costs by approximately 15% (95% CI: -20%, -10%). This study provides robust evidence on the cost-effectiveness of CHC systems and highlights the importance of integrating essential services like pharmacies. CHCs should prioritise pharmacy inclusion to maximise their efficiency in resource management. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.