Natural resource extraction in central Africa has been a subject of significant interest due to its economic potential and political challenges. Rwanda, as a case study, exemplifies these dynamics with its rich natural resources. The analysis will draw on a comprehensive review of existing literature, incorporating theories from political economy, public administration, and international development studies relevant to central African countries. This framework underscores the need for a more balanced approach to integrate external investments with domestic policy frameworks to ensure sustainable development and social welfare. Future research should focus on developing comprehensive regulatory frameworks that consider both economic efficiency and societal impacts, particularly in relation to natural resource extraction.