Methodological Assessment of Public Health Surveillance Systems in Tanzania: A Systematic Literature Review

Public health surveillance systems are crucial for monitoring disease outbreaks in Tanzania. However, their effectiveness can vary significantly based on methodological rigor. A comprehensive search strategy was employed to identify relevant studies. Methodological quality was evaluated using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) framework, ensuring robustness across included articles. The review identified a moderate proportion (35%) of surveillance systems with strong methodological foundations, while 65% showed room for improvement in areas such as data collection and reporting protocols. While some public health surveillance systems in Tanzania demonstrate high methodological quality, there is significant scope for enhancement to improve their effectiveness and reliability. Enhanced training programmes for surveillance staff should be implemented alongside system-wide evaluations to address identified gaps and ensure consistent data quality. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.