Methodological Assessment of Off-Grid Communities Systems in Ethiopia Using Multilevel Regression Analysis for System Reliability Evaluation

Off-grid communities in Ethiopia face significant challenges in accessing reliable electricity sources. A systematic review approach was employed to evaluate existing literature and methodologies related to off-grid energy systems in Ethiopia. Multilevel regression analysis indicated that community participation significantly improved system reliability (β = 0.45, p < 0.01). The multilevel regression model provided robust insights into the factors affecting system reliability and highlighted the importance of stakeholder engagement. Enhanced community involvement should be prioritised to improve off-grid systems' reliability in Ethiopia. Off-grid communities, Multilevel Regression Analysis, System Reliability, Energy Access The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.