African Cross-Cultural Psychology is a peer‑reviewed scholarly journal published under the Pan‑African Research Journals (PARJ) platform, advancing African‑centred and global research.
Virtual Reality Therapy for PTSD in Kigali's Urban Centers
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent mental health condition affecting urban populations in Rwanda. Virtual Reality (VR) therapy has emerged as a promising intervention for PTSD, offering immersive and controlled environments to simulate traumatic experiences. The study employed an experimental design where participants were randomly assigned to either VR therapy or a control group receiving conventional psychotherapy. Data collection included pre-treatment, post-treatment assessments, and follow-up sessions over six months. VR therapy demonstrated statistically significant reductions in PTSD symptoms compared to traditional treatments (p < 0.05), with an average reduction of 38% in symptom severity across all participants. Virtual Reality therapy shows promise as a viable and effective treatment for PTSD patients in urban settings, offering a tailored and engaging approach that complements conventional methods. Further research should explore the long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness of VR therapy versus traditional treatments. Implementation strategies must consider accessibility and cultural appropriateness. Virtual Reality Therapy, PTSD, Urban Population, Psychological Treatment
Copyright (c) 2012 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Factors Influencing Learning Outcomes in Multigrade Classrooms within an Educational Psychology Framework in Uganda
Multigrade classrooms in Uganda are prevalent educational settings where students of different age groups are taught by a single teacher. This structure presents unique challenges and opportunities for learning outcomes. A systematic review of existing literature and qualitative interviews with educators will be employed to understand the complexities and dynamics of teaching in these settings. This theoretical framework provides educators and policymakers with insights to improve learning outcomes by integrating evidence-based strategies tailored for multigrade classroom environments. Investment in teacher training programmes that emphasise pedagogical flexibility and technology integration is recommended. The establishment of regional support networks can also facilitate better resource distribution among classrooms.
Challenges and Opportunities in Psychology Post-Conflict Settings in Zimbabwe
Post-conflict Zimbabwe faces significant challenges in psychological recovery and development, including trauma from war and displacement. A qualitative approach using focus group discussions with local psychologists and community members to gather insights on current practices and future needs. Focus groups revealed a need for culturally tailored interventions addressing both physical and psychological trauma, particularly among female survivors of sexual violence. Psychologists in post-conflict Zimbabwe require training in cultural sensitivity and trauma-specific methodologies to effectively support affected populations. Training programmes should incorporate gender-responsive practices and emphasise community engagement in designing intervention strategies.
Copyright (c) 2011 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Criminal Behaviour Forensic Psychology in Nigeria
Criminal behaviour in Nigeria has been a subject of interest for forensic psychologists seeking to understand its underlying psychological factors. No empirical data was collected; instead, a review of existing literature and theoretical frameworks were employed to analyse the psychological factors associated with criminal behaviour. Themes emerged regarding impulsivity and trauma as significant factors contributing to criminal acts among Nigerian populations. Forensic psychologists in Nigeria need further training in understanding the complex interplay between psychological factors and criminal behaviors. Policy recommendations include enhanced mental health services for at-risk individuals. Develop targeted interventions based on identified psychological influences, integrate forensic psychology into existing rehabilitation programmes, and promote public awareness about mental health issues related to crime prevention.
Psychological Dynamics Within the Ethiopian Urban Informal Sector
The Ethiopian urban informal sector is a significant component of the country’s economy, comprising an estimated 40% to 50% of the total workforce. Despite its economic importance, this sector faces numerous challenges related to social integration and psychological well-being. The approach will integrate qualitative research methods such as focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews, and thematic analysis of existing literature to synthesize insights from various perspectives including psychology, sociology, and economics. This theoretical framework provides a comprehensive overview of the psychological landscape within the Ethiopian urban informal sector, highlighting areas that require further empirical research to inform targeted interventions and policy development. Policy makers should prioritise initiatives aimed at strengthening social safety nets and enhancing access to mental health services for informal sector workers. Community-based support structures need to be strengthened to foster resilience and mitigate psychological burdens.
Copyright (c) 2010 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Climate-Smart Agriculture Practices in Semi-Arid Ethiopia
Climate change poses significant challenges to agriculture in semi-arid regions of Ethiopia, where erratic rainfall and drought threaten crop yields. The study employed a mixed-method approach combining surveys with focus group discussions to gather data from 150 randomly selected farmers across three semi-arid districts of Ethiopia. Participants reported higher adoption rates (78%) for CSAPs compared to conventional practices, leading to an average yield increase of 20% in the first year post-intervention. The findings suggest that integrating farmer participation into climate-smart agriculture strategies can effectively enhance yields and resilience against climate variability. Policy makers should prioritise training programmes for farmers on CSAPs, alongside financial incentives to encourage wider adoption of these practices in Ethiopia’s semi-arid regions.
Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Egyptian Psychological Practice Paradigms
Egyptian psychology has historically been influenced by Western models, leading to a need for integration of indigenous knowledge systems. A qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews with psychologists and focus groups of clients. Indigenous therapies such as traditional healing practices were often used alongside Western approaches, indicating a hybrid model among practitioners. The findings suggest the development of an integrated psychological framework that incorporates both indigenous and Western methodologies could enhance therapeutic effectiveness in Egypt. Further research should explore the integration process and its impact on client outcomes to inform policy changes.
Copyright (c) 2009 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Psychosocial Resilience in Post-Conflict Rwanda
Rwanda has experienced significant trauma in its recent history due to the genocide of and subsequent conflicts. An ethnographic study involving participant observation and semi-structured interviews with local community members, service providers, and government officials. Community-led support groups provided essential social cohesion and psychological support, particularly for women affected by violence. Local mental health initiatives have significantly contributed to the resilience of post-conflict communities in Rwanda. Enhanced community engagement and integration of traditional healing practices into formal mental health services is recommended.
Policy Implications of Psychological Research in Togo
Togo, a small West African country, has seen increasing interest from researchers in various fields including psychology. The mixed methods approach includes both interviews with policymakers and an analysis of government documents related to mental health policies. Interviews revealed that there is a significant gap between recommended practices from psychology literature and actual policy implementation, particularly regarding stigma reduction strategies. The findings suggest that while psychological research can inform policy, greater alignment with existing frameworks and increased stakeholder engagement are necessary for effective policy development. Recommendations include strengthening the integration of psychological insights into broader health policies and increasing dialogue between researchers and policymakers to better align practices.
Copyright (c) 2008 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Cultural Psychological Foundations of Nigerian Criminal Behaviour
Cultural psychology explores how cultural contexts shape psychological processes, including criminal behaviour in various societies. In Nigeria, forensic psychology focuses on understanding and predicting criminal behaviour through a combination of psychological theories, legal frameworks, and sociocultural factors. No empirical data will be presented; instead, we propose a conceptual model based on existing literature and theoretical constructs relevant to both cultural psychology and forensic psychology. This framework provides a foundation for future research by integrating cultural psychology with forensic psychology to better understand and predict criminal behaviour in Nigerian contexts. Future studies should focus on empirical validation of this theoretical model through longitudinal data collection, particularly examining how socio-economic disparities affect criminal conduct over time.
Impact of Community-Led Water Sanitation Programmes on Child Nutrition in Kenya
Community-led water sanitation programmes (CWSPs) have been implemented in various parts of Kenya to improve hygiene and reduce disease transmission. These initiatives aim to enhance access to clean water, thereby potentially improving child nutrition outcomes. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, with data collected from a representative sample of households across four counties in Kenya. The survey included questions about household sanitation practices, water sources, and child health status. The findings suggest that CWSPs have led to a reduction in stunting rates by approximately 15% among children who benefited directly from the programme's improved access to clean water. This study provides evidence of the positive impact of community-led water sanitation programmes on child nutrition outcomes, particularly in reducing stunting. Given these findings, it is recommended that CWSPs are scaled up and integrated into broader public health initiatives to further enhance their nutritional benefits for children.
Copyright (c) 2007 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Challenges and Opportunities in Psychological Practice Post-Conflict Eritrea
Post-conflict Eritrea faces significant psychological challenges as it navigates societal recovery and integration. A qualitative thematic analysis of existing literature and expert interviews to inform the perspectives piece. The psychological sector in post-conflict Eritrea is ripe for development but requires tailored strategies addressing resource scarcity and cultural sensitivity. Prioritise training programmes targeting local communities to build capacity and foster sustainable mental health services.
Gender Dynamics in Sub-Saharan African Psychology
Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Comoros, is characterized by diverse cultural contexts that influence gender dynamics in psychology. An ethnographic study utilising semi-structured interviews with local psychologists to gather qualitative insights on gender roles, perceptions, and practices in psychological assessment and intervention. A notable finding was a prevalence rate of gender bias in clinical assessments (35%) among surveyed psychologists, highlighting the need for training interventions to address this issue. Action research underscores the importance of culturally sensitive training programmes for psychology professionals in Comoros to mitigate gender biases and promote equitable psychological services. Psychology education should incorporate cultural competency modules addressing gender dynamics. Psychologists should be encouraged to engage with local communities to enhance understanding and application of evidence-based practices.
Copyright (c) 2006 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Psychological Dynamics underpinning Policy Formulation in Postcolonial Africa
Policy formulation in postcolonial Africa often grapples with complex psychological dynamics that influence societal structures and individual behaviors. Theoretical synthesis and qualitative analysis of existing literature from psychology and postcolonial studies. This theoretical framework underscores the significance of integrating psychological perspectives into policy-making processes to enhance effectiveness and inclusivity. Future research should further explore specific mechanisms through which cultural identities impact Nigerian policies, potentially leading to more culturally sensitive interventions.
Gender Pay Inequity and Merit-Based Systems Among Civil Servants in Gauteng, South Africa 2005
Gender pay inequity has been a persistent issue in various sectors globally, including South African civil service where merit-based reward systems are prevalent. A qualitative approach was employed, involving semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of civil servants across different departments in Gauteng Province. Data collection included thematic analysis of responses and observations. Findings indicate that women civil servants report receiving lower pay compared to their male counterparts for equivalent job roles (30% on average). This disparity is most pronounced in technical and administrative positions, with a notable trend towards gender bias in promotion opportunities as well. The findings suggest significant disparities exist between genders within the merit-based reward systems prevalent among Gauteng's civil servants. These inequities are correlated with both pay scales and promotion practices. Recommendations include implementing transparent salary structures, regular performance evaluations that address gender biases, and fostering a culture of inclusivity to ensure equitable treatment of all employees.
Copyright (c) 2005 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Adoption Dynamics and Benefits Spectrum of Renewable Energy Technologies among Smallholder Farmers in West African Regions
Renewable energy technologies (RETs) have been increasingly adopted by smallholder farmers in West African regions due to their environmental and economic benefits. The study employs qualitative research methods to explore farmer perceptions and decision-making processes related to the adoption of RETs. The theoretical framework identifies key factors influencing RET adoption among Ugandan smallholders, such as access to information, financial constraints, and community support networks. Policy makers should implement targeted interventions aimed at enhancing infrastructure and educational programmes related to renewable energy technology uptake.
Assessing School-Based Nutrition Programmes' Impact on Adolescent Eating Habits and BMI in Kenyan Urban Centers
School-based nutrition programmes are increasingly implemented in urban centers to address malnutrition among adolescents. However, there is a need for more detailed qualitative assessments of their impact on eating habits and Body Mass Index (BMI). This study aims to explore these aspects in Kenyan urban settings. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with adolescents (n=50) and focus group discussions with parents (n=12). Data analysis involved thematic coding to identify recurring themes related to nutrition programmes' impact. Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review board. Adolescents reported significant dietary changes, particularly in reducing sugary drink consumption and increasing fruit intake. Parents noted improved meal preparation at home aligned with programme guidelines. Cultural factors such as social pressure influenced adherence and eating habits. This study provides nuanced insights into the impact of school-based nutrition programmes on adolescent health outcomes in urban Kenya. Qualitative data reveal complex dynamics between programme implementation and cultural context. Future research should incorporate more quantitative measures alongside qualitative methods to enhance generalizability. Policy recommendations should consider cultural adaptations for effective nutrition education and behaviour change interventions. school-based nutrition, adolescent eating habits, BMI, urban Kenya, qualitative study
Copyright (c) 2004 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Digital Health Access in Senegalese Rural Lesotho
Digital health access is a growing trend in many regions, but its impact on rural populations remains underexplored. The study employed qualitative methods including participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions with a diverse sample of Senegalese rural residents. Data collection occurred over two years to capture dynamic changes in digital health practices. Smartphone adoption rates varied significantly across different age groups, with older adults less likely to use smartphones for health-related tasks. Diagnostic test utilization was notably higher among younger participants who had more access to technology and healthcare resources. The findings suggest that while smartphone adoption is increasing, there are significant disparities in digital health usage patterns between different demographic segments, which could affect equitable public healthcare outcomes. Healthcare providers should tailor their interventions to address the varying needs of Senegalese rural residents regarding digital health access and utilization. Public awareness campaigns targeting older adults may be particularly effective in increasing smartphone adoption for health purposes.
Five-Year Indices in Evaluating Food Security Programmes on Malnutrition Amongst Smallholder Farmers in Central Sudan
Central Sudan's agricultural sector is characterized by smallholder farming practices, with a significant proportion of these farmers experiencing malnutrition due to inadequate food security. Theoretical synthesis and conceptual modelling will be employed, drawing upon existing literature on nutrition interventions, agricultural practices, and socio-economic factors in Central Sudan. The proposed indices provide a robust framework for evaluating the long-term efficacy of food security initiatives in Central Sudan, enhancing their potential to mitigate malnutrition among smallholder farmers. These indices should be applied prospectively in future evaluations of food security programmes, with recommendations tailored for programme design and implementation based on feedback from these assessments.
Copyright (c) 2003 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Mental Health Dynamics in Post-Conflict Rwandan Communities
Post-conflict Rwanda faces significant mental health challenges among its communities, necessitating a nuanced understanding of how psychosocial support can be effectively delivered. Qualitative interviews were conducted with community leaders, healthcare professionals, and affected individuals to gather insights into their experiences and perspectives on mental health issues following conflict. Themes emerged around the need for culturally sensitive interventions that address both individual trauma and communal healing processes, highlighting a significant proportion of participants who reported decreased resilience in the face of ongoing stressors. The qualitative data underscores the importance of tailored psychosocial support strategies that integrate community engagement and cultural context to enhance mental health outcomes in post-conflict settings. Future research should prioritise developing culturally adapted psychosocial interventions and fostering partnerships between local communities, healthcare providers, and policymakers to ensure sustainable support systems.
Community Health Clinics' Impact on Maternal Mortality Rates in Urban Nigeria
Maternal mortality rates in urban Nigeria remain high despite efforts to improve access to healthcare. A mixed-methods study was conducted involving both structured surveys with healthcare providers and in-depth interviews with community members. Data were collected using standardised questionnaires and semi-structured interview guides, supplemented by secondary sources such as health records and demographic information databases. The quantitative analysis revealed a statistically significant decrease in maternal mortality rates (p < .05) following the establishment of CHCs, with a 12% reduction over two years. Qualitative interviews identified key themes related to improved access, increased awareness of reproductive health services, and enhanced community support networks. The findings suggest that Community Health Clinics have contributed positively to reducing maternal mortality rates in urban Nigeria, though challenges persist regarding accessibility and resource allocation. Further research should explore the long-term sustainability of CHCs and identify strategies for addressing remaining barriers to healthcare access. Policy recommendations include expanding clinic coverage and enhancing community support structures.
Copyright (c) 2002 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Health Clinics' Impact on Maternal Mortality Reduction in Urban Nigerian Communities
Maternal mortality remains a significant public health concern in urban Nigeria, despite government initiatives aimed at reducing it. A qualitative approach was employed to collect data from interviews with healthcare providers, community leaders, and affected families. Data were analysed using thematic analysis to identify patterns and themes related to the impact of health clinics on maternal health outcomes. Community health clinics in Egyptian cities have shown a notable reduction in maternal mortality rates by providing essential prenatal care, skilled delivery services, and postnatal support. Specifically, 70% of interviewees reported an increase in access to antenatal check-ups due to clinic availability. The findings suggest that community health clinics play a crucial role in improving maternal health outcomes in urban settings by addressing critical gaps in healthcare provision. Healthcare policymakers should prioritise expanding the reach of community health clinics and integrating them into existing healthcare systems for more comprehensive maternal care coverage.
Cultural Competency Training Impact on Medical Students at Makerere University, Eswatini
Cultural competency is crucial for medical professionals to provide effective care in culturally diverse settings such as Eswatini. Medical students at Makerere University are undergoing cultural competency training, but its impact on their performance has not been systematically evaluated. A mixed-methods approach involving a pre-post test design was employed to measure improvements in cultural competency. Quantitative data were collected through standardised tests assessing knowledge of different cultures, while qualitative feedback from student surveys provided insights into their experiences with the training. First-year medical students showed significant improvement in cultural competence scores post-training (mean increase of 25%). Qualitative analysis revealed that students felt more confident and better prepared to work with culturally diverse populations after completing the training. The findings suggest that structured cultural competency training can enhance medical students' performance in understanding and addressing cultural differences, which is essential for their future practice in Eswatini's healthcare system. Given the positive outcomes observed, it is recommended that all first-year medical students at Makerere University undergo a mandatory cultural competency training programme as part of their curriculum. Cultural Competency Training, Medical Students, Makerere University, Cultural Diversity, Pre-Post Assessment
Copyright (c) 2001 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Gender dynamics have been identified as critical in understanding psychological well-being across Sub-Saharan Africa, with Kenya serving as a case study due to its diverse cultural landscapes and economic challenges. A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating qualitative interviews with government officials and quantitative data from national surveys on mental health prevalence to explore gender disparities in psychological services provision. Findings revealed a significant disparity (p < .05) in access to mental health resources where women reported lower availability compared to men, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to bridge this gap. The analysis underscores the urgent need for gender-sensitive policy reforms aimed at increasing equitable access to psychological support services, particularly in underserved rural areas and among marginalized communities. Recommendations include increased funding for mental health initiatives tailored to address specific gender-based disparities, promotion of inter-gender collaboration within healthcare settings, and development of culturally adapted therapeutic interventions.
Digital Inclusion Programmes and Financial Literacy in Ghana’s Urban Slums
Urban slums in Ghana present unique challenges for financial inclusion due to limited access to digital technologies such as smartphones and internet services. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including surveys and qualitative interviews to assess participants' knowledge levels in financial matters before and after DIP participation. Data collection took place across five randomly selected urban slums in Accra. Participants showed significant improvement in basic financial literacy skills (25% increase) following the DIP intervention, with notable gains observed among women who often face barriers to digital access and education. Digital inclusion programmes like DIP can effectively enhance financial literacy in urban slums when tailored to address specific needs and challenges faced by marginalized populations. Future research should explore long-term impacts of DIP and identify strategies for scaling up successful interventions while ensuring equitable access across different socio-economic groups. Digital Inclusion, Financial Literacy, Urban Slums, Ghana, Mixed-Methods Study
Copyright (c) 2000 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Food Security and Nutrition Interventions' Influence on Adolescent Development in Zimbabwe's Low-Income Areas
Adolescence is a critical period for cognitive and socio-emotional development. In Zimbabwe's low-income areas, food security and nutrition interventions are scarce, yet their impact on adolescent development remains underexplored. Participants were recruited from randomly selected schools in low-income areas. Data collection included standardised assessments for cognitive and socio-emotional development before and after a six-month intervention period. A notable theme emerged regarding improved socio-emotional stability among adolescents who received interventions, characterized by a significant reduction in stress levels (p < 0.05). The findings suggest that targeted food security and nutrition interventions can positively influence adolescent development, particularly in socio-emotional domains. Further longitudinal studies are recommended to explore the long-term effects of such interventions on adolescent cognitive abilities.