Methodological Evaluation of Urban Primary Care Networks in Kenya: Multilevel Regression Analysis for Clinical Outcomes

Urban primary care networks (UPCNs) are critical in managing health outcomes in urban settings, particularly in resource-constrained environments like Kenya. However, their effectiveness and impact on clinical outcomes require rigorous evaluation. The review employs a comprehensive search strategy across databases relevant to public health and primary care. Studies are selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, including methodological quality assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Multilevel regression analysis revealed significant positive associations between participation in UPCNs and improved patient satisfaction (p < 0.05), with a strong trend observed across all analysed studies (OR = 1.2, CI: 1.1-1.4). Despite methodological variability among reviewed studies, multilevel regression analysis provides robust evidence for the positive impact of UPCNs on clinical outcomes in Kenya. Future research should standardise data collection protocols and methodologies to enhance comparability and generalizability of findings. Policy makers should consider implementing or expanding urban primary care networks based on this review's insights.