Methodological Evaluation of Off-Grid Communities Systems in Rwanda Using Multilevel Regression Analysis for Adoption Rate Measurement

Off-grid communities in Rwanda have been exploring various systems for sustainable energy solutions. A mixed-method approach was employed, including surveys and interviews to gather data from off-grid communities across Rwanda. Multilevel regression models were used to analyse the data, accounting for both individual and community-level factors. The multilevel regression analysis revealed that access to electricity significantly influenced adoption rates (β = 0.32, p < 0.05), with a moderate effect size. Multilevel regression models provided robust insights into the factors affecting off-grid communities' energy system adoptions in Rwanda. Further research should explore potential interventions to increase adoption rates among rural communities. off-grid systems, multilevel regression analysis, electricity access, adoption rate The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.