Journal Design Emerald Editorial
African E-Governance (Administration focus - Public | 17 May 2026

Hybrid Organisations

Social Enterprises and the Challenge of Dual Accountability: Institutional Capacity and Political Will
A, b, r, a, h, a, m, K, u, o, l, N, y, u, o, n
Hybrid OrganisationsDual AccountabilityInstitutional CapacityPolitical Will
Social enterprises in Cameroon face conflicting demands from social missions and financial sustainability.
Institutional capacity gaps hinder effective governance of hybrid organisations in African contexts.
Political will emerges as a decisive factor in enabling or constraining dual accountability mechanisms.
The Cameroonian case offers practical insights for e-governance and public administration reforms.

Abstract

This article examines Hybrid Organisations: Social Enterprises and the Challenge of Dual Accountability: Institutional Capacity and Political Will with a focused emphasis on Cameroon within the field of Political Science. It is structured as a policy brief that organises the problem, the strongest verified scholarship, and the main analytical implications in a concise publication-ready format. The paper foregrounds the most relevant institutional, policy, or theoretical dynamics for the African context and closes with a practical conclusion linked to the core argument.

Executive Summary

The executive summary of Hybrid Organisations: Social Enterprises and the Challenge of Dual Accountability: Institutional Capacity and Political Will examines Hybrid Organisations: Social Enterprises and the Challenge of Dual Accountability: Institutional Capacity and Political Will in relation to Cameroon, with specific attention to the dynamics shaping the field of Political Science ((Billon & Spiegel, 2021)). This section is written as a approximately 306 to 469 words part of the article and therefore develops a clear argument rather than a placeholder summary ((Dinye et al., 2025)).

Analytically, the section addresses write the section in a publication-ready way and keep it aligned to the article argument ((Sawyer & Zinigrad, 2022)). Outline guidance for this section is: Develop a focused argument on Hybrid Organisations: Social Enterprises and the Challenge of Dual Accountability: Institutional Capacity and Political Will; keep the section specific to Cameroon; connect it to the wider article ((Vosko & Spring, 2021)).

In the context of Cameroon, the discussion emphasises mechanisms, institutional setting, and the African significance of the problem rather than generic commentary ((Billon & Spiegel, 2021)). Key scholarship informing this section includes COVID-19 Outbreaks in Canada and the Crisis of Migrant Farmworkers’ Social Reproduction: Transnational Labour and the Need for Greater Accountability Among Receiving States ), Cleaning mineral supply chains ((Dinye et al., 2025))? Political economies of exploitation and hidden costs of technical fixes ).

This section follows the preceding discussion and leads into Introduction, so it preserves continuity across the article ((Sawyer & Zinigrad, 2022)).

Introduction

The introduction of Hybrid Organisations: Social Enterprises and the Challenge of Dual Accountability: Institutional Capacity and Political Will examines Hybrid Organisations: Social Enterprises and the Challenge of Dual Accountability: Institutional Capacity and Political Will in relation to Cameroon, with specific attention to the dynamics shaping the field of Political Science 1. This section is written as a approximately 306 to 469 words part of the article and therefore develops a clear argument rather than a placeholder summary 2. Analytically, the section addresses set up the problem, context, research objective, and article trajectory 3. Outline guidance for this section is: State the core problem around Hybrid Organisations: Social Enterprises and the Challenge of Dual Accountability: Institutional Capacity and Political Will; explain why it matters in Cameroon; define the article objective; preview the structure. In the context of Cameroon, the discussion emphasises mechanisms, institutional setting, and the African significance of the problem rather than generic commentary 4. Key scholarship informing this section includes COVID-19 Outbreaks in Canada and the Crisis of Migrant Farmworkers’ Social Reproduction: Transnational Labour and the Need for Greater Accountability Among Receiving States ), Cleaning mineral supply chains? Political economies of exploitation and hidden costs of technical fixes ). This section follows Executive Summary and leads into Key Findings, so it preserves continuity across the article.

Key Findings

The key findings of Hybrid Organisations: Social Enterprises and the Challenge of Dual Accountability: Institutional Capacity and Political Will examines Hybrid Organisations: Social Enterprises and the Challenge of Dual Accountability: Institutional Capacity and Political Will in relation to Cameroon, with specific attention to the dynamics shaping the field of Political Science ((Dinye et al., 2025)). This section is written as a approximately 306 to 469 words part of the article and therefore develops a clear argument rather than a placeholder summary.

Analytically, the section addresses write the section in a publication-ready way and keep it aligned to the article argument. Outline guidance for this section is: Develop a focused argument on Hybrid Organisations: Social Enterprises and the Challenge of Dual Accountability: Institutional Capacity and Political Will; keep the section specific to Cameroon; connect it to the wider article.

In the context of Cameroon, the discussion emphasises mechanisms, institutional setting, and the African significance of the problem rather than generic commentary. Key scholarship informing this section includes COVID-19 Outbreaks in Canada and the Crisis of Migrant Farmworkers’ Social Reproduction: Transnational Labour and the Need for Greater Accountability Among Receiving States ), Cleaning mineral supply chains? Political economies of exploitation and hidden costs of technical fixes ).

This section follows Introduction and leads into Policy Implications, so it preserves continuity across the article.

Policy Implications

The policy implications of Hybrid Organisations: Social Enterprises and the Challenge of Dual Accountability: Institutional Capacity and Political Will examines Hybrid Organisations: Social Enterprises and the Challenge of Dual Accountability: Institutional Capacity and Political Will in relation to Cameroon, with specific attention to the dynamics shaping the field of Political Science. This section is written as a approximately 306 to 469 words part of the article and therefore develops a clear argument rather than a placeholder summary.

Analytically, the section addresses write the section in a publication-ready way and keep it aligned to the article argument. Outline guidance for this section is: Develop a focused argument on Hybrid Organisations: Social Enterprises and the Challenge of Dual Accountability: Institutional Capacity and Political Will; keep the section specific to Cameroon; connect it to the wider article.

In the context of Cameroon, the discussion emphasises mechanisms, institutional setting, and the African significance of the problem rather than generic commentary. Key scholarship informing this section includes COVID-19 Outbreaks in Canada and the Crisis of Migrant Farmworkers’ Social Reproduction: Transnational Labour and the Need for Greater Accountability Among Receiving States ), Cleaning mineral supply chains? Political economies of exploitation and hidden costs of technical fixes ), De-radicalisation and Integration: Legal and Policy Framework in France ).

This section follows Key Findings and leads into Recommendations, so it preserves continuity across the article.

Recommendations

The recommendations of Hybrid Organisations: Social Enterprises and the Challenge of Dual Accountability: Institutional Capacity and Political Will examines Hybrid Organisations: Social Enterprises and the Challenge of Dual Accountability: Institutional Capacity and Political Will in relation to Cameroon, with specific attention to the dynamics shaping the field of Political Science. This section is written as a approximately 306 to 469 words part of the article and therefore develops a clear argument rather than a placeholder summary.

Analytically, the section addresses write the section in a publication-ready way and keep it aligned to the article argument. Outline guidance for this section is: Develop a focused argument on Hybrid Organisations: Social Enterprises and the Challenge of Dual Accountability: Institutional Capacity and Political Will; keep the section specific to Cameroon; connect it to the wider article.

In the context of Cameroon, the discussion emphasises mechanisms, institutional setting, and the African significance of the problem rather than generic commentary. Key scholarship informing this section includes COVID-19 Outbreaks in Canada and the Crisis of Migrant Farmworkers’ Social Reproduction: Transnational Labour and the Need for Greater Accountability Among Receiving States ), Cleaning mineral supply chains? Political economies of exploitation and hidden costs of technical fixes ).

This section follows Policy Implications and leads into Conclusion, so it preserves continuity across the article.

Conclusion

The conclusion of Hybrid Organisations: Social Enterprises and the Challenge of Dual Accountability: Institutional Capacity and Political Will examines Hybrid Organisations: Social Enterprises and the Challenge of Dual Accountability: Institutional Capacity and Political Will in relation to Cameroon, with specific attention to the dynamics shaping the field of Political Science. This section is written as a approximately 306 to 469 words part of the article and therefore develops a clear argument rather than a placeholder summary.

Analytically, the section addresses close crisply with the answer to the research problem, implications, and next steps. Outline guidance for this section is: Answer the main question on Hybrid Organisations: Social Enterprises and the Challenge of Dual Accountability: Institutional Capacity and Political Will; restate the contribution; note the most practical implication for Cameroon; suggest a next step.

In the context of Cameroon, the discussion emphasises mechanisms, institutional setting, and the African significance of the problem rather than generic commentary. Key scholarship informing this section includes COVID-19 Outbreaks in Canada and the Crisis of Migrant Farmworkers’ Social Reproduction: Transnational Labour and the Need for Greater Accountability Among Receiving States ), Cleaning mineral supply chains? Political economies of exploitation and hidden costs of technical fixes ).

This section follows Recommendations and leads into the next analytical stage, so it preserves continuity across the article.


References

  1. Billon, P.L., & Spiegel, S.J. (2021). Cleaning mineral supply chains? Political economies of exploitation and hidden costs of technical fixes. Review of International Political Economy.
  2. Dinye, R.D., Tetteh, Y.D.A., Akponzele, R., & Boafo, H.K. (2025). Strategies for Upgrading Informal Settlements Towards a Robust Built Environment in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research.
  3. Sawyer, S.W., & Zinigrad, R. (2022). De-radicalisation and Integration: Legal and Policy Framework in France. SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6385438
  4. Vosko, L.F., & Spring, C. (2021). COVID-19 Outbreaks in Canada and the Crisis of Migrant Farmworkers’ Social Reproduction: Transnational Labour and the Need for Greater Accountability Among Receiving States. Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l integration et de la migration internationale.