This study examines health psychology approaches to enhancing adherence to HIV treatment among rural Kenyan populations. Participants were recruited from two rural districts in Kenya, receiving either cognitive-behavioural therapy or motivational interviewing sessions integrated into routine health care visits for ART adherence support. Cognitive-behavioural therapy showed a 20% higher adherence rate compared to motivational interviewing (p=0.045), with themes of self-efficacy and goal setting emerging as key mechanisms. Motivational interviewing was found ineffective in this context, while cognitive-behavioural therapy demonstrated significant promise for enhancing ART adherence among rural Kenyan populations. Future research should explore the long-term effects of these interventions and consider their scalability to broader healthcare settings. HIV treatment adherence, cognitive-behavioural therapy, motivational interviewing, rural Kenya