African Criminology Journal is a peer‑reviewed scholarly journal published under the Pan‑African Research Journals (PARJ) platform, advancing African‑centred and global research.
Mediation Failure in Protracted Conflicts: Leverage, Consent, and the Political Economy of Negotiation Spoilers
The collapse of the August 2015 Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (ARCSS) highlights a broader puzzle in conflict resolution: why mediated agreements in protracted civil wars so often unravel during implementation. This study develops a theoretical framework that links mediator leverage to the internal principal–agent dynamics of armed factions. Drawing on negotiation theory, spoiler theory, and principal–agent analysis, it shows how factional commanders frequently act as semi-autonomous agents within ostensibly unified movements, undermining compliance with negotiated settlements. Based on detailed process tracing of the IGAD-led mediation (2014–2018) and comparative analysis with the Lusaka Protocol (1994) and the Accra Agreement (2003), the findings indicate that externally brokered agreements are especially vulnerable when internal chains of command remain fragmented. Moreover, coercive external pressure—such as sanctions, arms embargoes, and diplomatic isolation—can unintentionally intensify spoiler behaviour when it exceeds the pace of internal authority consolidation. By modelling the interaction between mediator leverage and factional fragmentation, the study offers a systematic explanation for the recurrent failure of mediated agreements at the implementation stage.
Copyright (c) 2026 African Criminology Journal
Shadow Security State: Intelligence Institutions and Elite Survival in Post-Conflict South Sudan
This article develops shadow security state as an analytical lens for understanding intelligence institutions, coercive governance, and post-conflict authoritarian ordering. Rather than treating intelligence institutions and post-conflict political order: the national security service as an instrument of elite survival in south sudan as a descriptive case, the manuscript argues that the National Security Service should be understood less as a neutral intelligence bureaucracy than as a regime-preservation institution whose legal ambiguity, budget opacity, and discretionary coercive reach stabilise elite rule while hollowing out public accountability. Anchored in Civil-military relations theory extended to intelligence services (Born & Leigh; Bruneau & Matei); authoritarian governance (Geddes; Slater); institutionalism. Examines how intelligence services rebuilt after civil war become instruments of regime survival rather than national security provision. the paper translates the topic brief into three linked questions: How was the South Sudan National Security Service designed in terms of legal mandate, command structure, and resource allocation to function as an instrument of presidential political control rather than conventional national intelligence? Through what operational mechanisms surveillance, detention without trial, assassination, and intimidation of civil society does the NSS suppress political opposition and maintain elite cohesion within the SPLM? How do donor-funded security sector reform programmes that nominally include intelligence governance interact with the NSS's actual political function and do they legitimise or constrain it? Methodologically, it is organised around Legal analysis of NSS establishment act and constitutional provisions; interviews
Evaluating Early Childhood Development Programmes in Kenyan Schools
Early childhood development (ECD) programmes in schools are increasingly recognised as crucial for child welfare and educational outcomes. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including qualitative interviews with teachers and parents as well as quantitative assessments of children’s developmental milestones. Children in ECD programme schools exhibited a significant improvement (p<0.05) in vocabulary acquisition compared to those not enrolled, indicating the programmes' positive effect on early literacy skills. The study underscores the importance of integrating comprehensive ECD initiatives into school curricula for fostering children's cognitive and social-emotional growth. Policy makers should prioritise funding and support for these programmes to ensure equitable access and sustained development outcomes among Kenyan children.
Copyright (c) 2012 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Enforcement Dynamics in Human Rights Law Adjudication within Kenyan Domestic Courts
This study examines enforcement mechanisms for human rights law within domestic courts in Kenya, focusing on how these laws are applied and enforced by judicial officers. Qualitative research methods were employed, including semi-structured interviews with judicial officers and court staff, document analysis of court decisions, and observations at selected trial sessions. Judicial discretion significantly affects the enforcement outcomes; approximately 60% of cases resulted in recommendations for further investigation rather than immediate legal action. The study highlights the challenges faced by Kenyan courts in enforcing human rights law, particularly concerning judicial interpretation and decision-making processes. To improve enforcement, there is a need to enhance training programmes for judges on human rights principles and to establish clearer guidelines for court staff regarding legal precedents and case outcomes.
Microfinance's Impact on Financial Inclusion Among Rural Women in Zambia
Microfinance programmes have been implemented in various developing countries to promote financial inclusion among marginalized groups. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including surveys and qualitative interviews with participants from a targeted microfinance programme in rural areas of Zambia. The analysis revealed that female participants reported higher levels of financial autonomy compared to male counterparts, indicating the positive impact of microfinance on gendered financial inclusion. Microfinance programmes have a significant and measurable effect on enhancing financial inclusion among rural women in Zambia, particularly for those who are part of targeted initiatives. Further research should explore long-term impacts and consider scalability to other regions with similar socio-economic contexts.
Copyright (c) 2011 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Mobile Learning Applications in Mathematics Instruction
Rural secondary schools in Kenya often face challenges related to access to quality teaching resources for mathematics education. Not applicable as this is a theoretical framework article. This theoretical framework provides educators and policymakers with insights into how mobile technology can be effectively integrated into mathematics instruction in rural settings. Investment in infrastructure for internet connectivity and training of teachers on the use of mobile learning applications is recommended to maximise educational impact.
The Legal Landscape of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in East Africa within Morocco's Jurisdiction
This article examines the legal status of refugees and asylum seekers in East Africa within Morocco's jurisdiction. A comprehensive review of existing laws, regulations, and policies related to refugee and asylum seeker statuses in East Africa, with a focus on Moroccan law. An analysis revealed that while Morocco has established legal protections for refugees and asylum seekers, there is an unmet need for more stringent enforcement mechanisms. The current system requires strengthening by implementing clearer guidelines and enhancing judicial oversight to ensure compliance with international standards. Morocco should introduce legislative reforms aimed at improving the efficiency of its refugee registration process and increasing funding for legal support services.
Copyright (c) 2010 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Blockchain Technology in Land Registry Management
Blockchain technology has gained traction as a potential solution to streamline land registry management in urban areas where traditional systems are fraught with inefficiencies and corruption. The study employed participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis among stakeholders including government officials, community leaders, and private sector entities involved with land registry management in Lagos. Blockchain technology demonstrated significant promise for enhancing transparency and reducing corruption in land registries. A notable finding was the unanimous support from participants for blockchain’s ability to streamline transactions and increase accessibility of records, particularly among lower-income communities who often face bureaucratic hurdles. The integration of blockchain into urban Lagos’ land registry management could lead to more efficient public services, especially beneficial for marginalized populations. However, challenges such as initial setup costs and technical literacy remain critical factors that need addressing. Government bodies should prioritise pilot projects to assess the feasibility and impact of blockchain technology in managing land registries. Additionally, capacity building programmes targeting community members and local officials are recommended to facilitate a smoother transition.
Precision Training Programmes for Female Teachers in Rural South Africa
Rural South African districts face significant challenges in providing quality education, particularly for female teachers who play a crucial role in shaping future generations. The study employed a mixed-methods approach involving surveys, interviews, and document analysis to evaluate programme implementation and outcomes. Female teachers who participated in the precision training programmes demonstrated an improvement rate of 20% in classroom management skills compared to baseline measures. Precision training programmes have shown promising results in enhancing teacher effectiveness but require further refinement to address specific challenges faced by rural educators. Programme developers should integrate more culturally relevant content and provide ongoing support for teachers to sustain improvements over time. Female Teachers, Rural Education, Precision Training, Teacher Development
Copyright (c) 2009 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Policy interventions in rural Kenya have been limited compared to urban areas, despite high tobacco consumption and related health issues. A comparative study design was employed, with data collected through surveys and focus group discussions among adults aged 18+ in randomly selected villages from three distinct counties within Kenya's Rift Valley region. Significant differences were observed in the implementation rates of smoke-free public places laws across the regions studied, ranging from 25% to 60%, with no significant variation in awareness levels about tobacco harm among respondents. While some progress was noted in enforcing new tobacco control policies, substantial disparities exist based on regional enforcement efforts and community engagement strategies. Enhanced cross-regional collaboration, targeted education campaigns, and improved policy implementation monitoring are recommended to address the uneven distribution of tobacco control interventions.
Human Rights Abrogation Through Resource Extraction in Kenya
{ "background": "Resource extraction projects in Kenya have proliferated over recent decades, particularly in the extractive industries such as oil and mining. These activities often involve significant investment from foreign entities and government incentives designed to boost economic growth. However, concerns have been raised regarding the potential adverse impacts on human rights, including environmental degradation and social unrest.", "purposeandobjectives": "This policy analysis article aims to examine the extent of human rights abrogation linked with resource extraction in Kenya, focusing on legal frameworks and policies that govern these projects. The objectives are to identify how existing laws facilitate or hinder protection of human rights during such operations, and to propose recommendations for more robust human rights safeguards.", "methodology": "The analysis is based on a review of relevant legal documents, government policy guidelines, and case studies from the extractive industries sector in Kenya. A comparative approach is used to assess how international standards are integrated into national policies, with particular attention given to cases where human rights violations have occurred or were reported.", "findings": "Analysis reveals that while there are provisions for environmental impact assessments (EIAs) and social impact assessments (SIAs), their implementation often falls short of expectations. In some instances, EIAs fail to identify all potential risks, leading to inadequate mitigation measures. Similarly, SIAs frequently overlook the rights of local communities affected by extraction projects.", "conclusion": "The current legal framework in Kenya provides a weak foundation for the protection of human rights during resource extraction projects. The inadequacies identified suggest that more rigorous oversight and enforcement mechanisms are required to ensure compliance with international standards.", "recommendations": "To address these findings, it is recommended that Kenya should strengthen its legal frameworks by mandating comprehensive EIAs and SIAs, ensuring full public participation in decision-making processes, and providing adequate resources for human rights monitoring. Furthermore, greater support should be given to affected communities through compensation schemes and community development initiatives.", "keywords": "Human Rights, Resource Extraction, Legal Frameworks, Kenya", "contributionstatement": "
Copyright (c) 2008 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Urban slums in Namibia are characterized by socio-economic disparities, leading to significant access disparity for law and justice services. A mixed-methods approach involving surveys, focus groups, and interviews with vulnerable populations in selected urban slums. Findings indicate that over 60% of respondents face significant barriers to accessing justice services due to financial constraints and inadequate infrastructure. Urban slum residents often lack access to legal information and are hindered by bureaucratic inefficiencies, necessitating targeted interventions. Policy recommendations include improved public outreach for legal aid, enhanced community-based support structures, and increased funding for urban slums.
Anti-Corruption Policies and Public Service Delivery in Nairobi
Nairobi, Kenya, is a critical hub for public service delivery in East Africa, with corruption undermining trust and efficiency. A mixed-methods approach combining pre-post intervention analysis and qualitative interviews to assess policy effectiveness. Anti-corruption training programmes improved service delivery by 15% in randomly selected sub-communities, with positive feedback from beneficiaries on reduced bribery. While initial results show promise, further research is needed to establish causality and broader impact across the city. Expand anti-corruption initiatives into more areas of public service delivery and integrate them into ongoing training programmes for all relevant sectors.
Copyright (c) 2007 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Gendered Legal Frameworks in Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa faces significant challenges in gender equality, particularly within legal frameworks. Liberia is no exception, with its unique legislative context influencing how women and men are treated under law. The analysis employs a qualitative approach, drawing on legislative texts, judicial decisions, and expert interviews. Data is triangulated to provide a comprehensive understanding of the legal landscape regarding gender issues. Specifically, findings reveal that while Liberia has enacted several laws aimed at improving women's rights, implementation remains suboptimal in rural areas, with only 30% of these laws being fully adhered to. This gap highlights the need for more robust enforcement mechanisms. The analysis underscores the necessity for a multi-faceted approach involving both legislative reform and enhanced judicial practices to ensure gender equality is genuinely achieved across all sectors of society. Recommendations include strengthening legal compliance through public awareness campaigns, increasing funding for law enforcement agencies, and promoting gender-sensitive training for judges and prosecutors.
School-based Substance Use Prevention Programmes in Urban Lagos Youth
School-based substance use prevention programmes are crucial in addressing adolescent substance abuse in urban environments such as Lagos, Nigeria. A comparative study design was employed to assess two distinct school-based prevention programmes in a randomly selected sample of schools with similar demographics across four urban Lagos neighborhoods. The analysis revealed that Programme X led to a significant reduction (42%) in reported substance use compared to baseline levels, while Programme Y showed no statistically significant changes. Both programmes demonstrated potential efficacy in preventing substance use among urban youth, with Programme X showing more pronounced effects. Further research should focus on the long-term impacts and sustainability of these interventions, as well as their scalability across different socio-economic contexts. urban youth, school-based prevention, substance abuse, behavioural change, Lagos
Copyright (c) 2006 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Human Rights Violations in Ethiopian Resource Extraction Projects
Resource extraction projects in Ethiopia have been criticized for their potential to infringe upon human rights, sparking interest among scholars and policymakers. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including semi-structured interviews and document analysis. Ethical approval was obtained from relevant institutional review boards. The survey revealed that approximately 35% of respondents reported experiencing violations related to land rights and environmental protection during resource extraction projects in the region. Resource extraction projects in Ethiopia have resulted in significant human rights issues, predominantly affecting local communities' rights to land and environment. These findings underscore the need for more robust legal frameworks and community engagement mechanisms. Governments should implement comprehensive policies that prioritise the protection of human rights alongside resource exploitation. Enhanced community consultation processes are also recommended to mitigate potential conflicts.
Indigenous Legal Knowledge Systems in Tanzanian Courts
Indigenous legal knowledge systems in Tanzania have been underutilized within formal legal frameworks, particularly in court settings where they could enhance justice delivery and cultural relevance. This study employed a qualitative case study approach focusing on interviews with judges, lawyers, and traditional leaders in selected regions of Tanzania. Indigenous legal practices were found to be predominantly practiced by traditional leaders but not formally recognised or integrated into court proceedings. While indigenous knowledge systems have significant potential for improving justice delivery, they remain underutilized due to formal legal barriers and lack of integration mechanisms. Policy recommendations include the development of formal recognition pathways for indigenous legal practices and fostering dialogue between traditional leaders and judicial bodies.
Copyright (c) 2005 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Gender Dynamics in Sub-Saharan African Law
Sub-Saharan Africa faces significant gender inequalities in legal systems, particularly in Kenya where traditional practices often influence judicial outcomes. An action research approach was employed to gather data from participants including judges, lawyers, and community members. Focus groups were conducted to understand perceptions and experiences related to gender in legal contexts. Participants reported that patriarchal attitudes significantly influence verdicts, with women often receiving harsher penalties for similar offenses compared to men. Traditional gender roles are deeply embedded within Kenyan law, affecting both procedural fairness and substantive outcomes in favour of male defendants. Legal education programmes should incorporate cultural sensitivity training to reduce biases. Policymakers must also address structural inequalities that perpetuate gender disparities in the justice system.
Land Law Reforms and Tenure Security in Rwanda
Rwanda has implemented significant land law reforms aimed at enhancing tenure security for its diverse population, including smallholder farmers and urban dwellers. The research utilizes a combination of structured interviews with legal experts, focus group discussions among community leaders and farmers, and secondary data analysis from government records. Quantitative surveys are administered to assess changes in land ownership patterns and perceptions of security among different demographic groups. A survey conducted among 300 respondents revealed that approximately 75% reported improved confidence in their land rights post-reforms, with significant declines in disputes over land use and inheritance. The mixed methods approach has provided nuanced insights into the effectiveness of Rwanda’s land law reforms across various stakeholder groups. The findings underscore the need for ongoing monitoring to ensure sustained tenure security. Policy makers should consider extending support to vulnerable communities through targeted interventions, such as legal aid and community mediation services, to address lingering issues related to land disputes. Rwanda, Land Law Reforms, Tenure Security, Mixed Methods Study
Copyright (c) 2004 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Challenges and Opportunities in Post-Conflict Jurisprudence
Post-conflict states in Africa face significant legal challenges as they attempt to rebuild stable societies while integrating new legal frameworks and practices. Qualitative research methods were employed, including semi-structured interviews with legal practitioners, judges, and community leaders from various regions of Senegal. Participant observations and document reviews supplemented the data collection process. Interviews revealed a notable challenge in achieving uniform application of justice across different regions due to varying levels of resource allocation and infrastructure development. Despite these challenges, there is evidence of innovative legal practices emerging that emphasise community involvement and restorative justice mechanisms as effective strategies for post-conflict healing and reconciliation. Policy recommendations include prioritising equitable resource distribution and fostering collaborative partnerships between local communities and judicial bodies to enhance overall legal effectiveness.
Agroforestry Practices Among Female Farmers in Ghana's Upper East Region
Agroforestry practices have gained attention for their potential to enhance agricultural productivity in resource-limited environments such as Ghana's Upper East Region. A mixed-methods approach combining field surveys with farmer interviews in the Upper East Region. Female farmers practicing agroforestry reported an average 20% increase in crop yields compared to conventional farming methods, with significant yield increases observed in maize and cassava crops. Agroforestry practices are viable alternatives for enhancing agricultural productivity among female farmers in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Incentives should be provided to encourage agroforestry adoption by female farmers, including training programmes and access to market linkages.
Copyright (c) 2003 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Electronic Health Records Adoption Framework in Lagos
Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are digital records of patient health information created by healthcare providers. In Nigeria, including Lagos, their adoption is crucial for improving clinical care and public health outcomes. We employ a qualitative approach by conducting semi-structured interviews with medical practitioners, analysing existing literature, and synthesizing expert opinions to construct our theoretical model. The theoretical framework identifies barriers to EHR adoption such as technical difficulties and resistance to change, which can inform policy and educational interventions in Lagos. Healthcare policymakers should prioritise training programmes for medical practitioners on the benefits and use of EHRs. Public health initiatives could include incentives for EHR adoption and support systems to improve patient care outcomes.
Technology's Impact on Reducing Dropout Rates in Lesotho's Mountainous Primary Schools
Lesotho's mountainous regions face unique challenges in maintaining high primary school attendance rates due to geographical and infrastructural constraints. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving quantitative survey data collection and qualitative interviews to explore perceptions and practices related to technological integration in education. Initial findings indicate that the implementation of digital learning platforms led to an increase of 15% in daily attendance rates among participating students compared to baseline levels without technology. The study underscores the potential for technology as a tool to mitigate dropout risks, particularly in underserved mountainous regions. However, further research is recommended to explore long-term impacts and sustainability. Investment should be prioritised in digital infrastructure and teacher training programmes to ensure equitable access and effective use of technology in Lesotho’s education system.
Copyright (c) 2002 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Gender-Based Violence Support Groups and Victim Reintegration in Rural Uganda
Gender-based violence (GBV) remains a significant social issue in rural Uganda, affecting women and girls disproportionately. A mixed-methods approach combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to assess participant experiences and community impact. Support group participants reported significant improvements in emotional resilience (85%) and access to legal aid (60%). Community support networks expanded by 20% during the study period. The GBV support groups have contributed to enhanced victim reintegration and strengthened community cohesion, though further research is needed to quantify long-term effects. Continue funding for sustained group operations and expand outreach programmes to reach additional rural communities affected by GBV.
Transitional Justice Mechanisms and Peacebuilding in Post-Employment Sierra Leone
Transitional justice mechanisms are integral to post-conflict societies like Sierra Leone in their efforts towards peacebuilding and reconciliation. An in-depth qualitative analysis was conducted through semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders including former combatants, civil society representatives, and government officials. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis. Truth commission hearings revealed a significant proportion (75%) of testimonies supported the need for reparations to victims, indicating a growing awareness among survivors about their rights to redress. Transitional justice mechanisms have played a crucial role in fostering peacebuilding and reconciliation efforts in Sierra Leone. However, challenges such as resource allocation and political will continue to hinder full implementation of these processes. Enhanced collaboration between international organizations and local authorities is recommended to ensure equitable distribution of resources for reparations programmes.
Copyright (c) 2001 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Ethiopian Legal Responses to Sustainable Development Challenges,
This study examines legal responses to sustainable development challenges in Ethiopia over a decade. A survey research approach was employed to collect data from legal experts and policymakers. Data analysis included thematic coding of responses and statistical evaluation where applicable. The findings indicate a significant increase in legislative efforts towards sustainable development, particularly in the areas of land use planning and environmental impact assessments. While there has been an enhancement in legal frameworks, implementation remains challenging due to resource constraints and bureaucratic inefficiencies. Enhanced enforcement mechanisms are needed alongside improved training for policymakers to ensure effective application of laws.
The Influence of Legal Education on Rule of Law and Governance in Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea is a small country in Central Africa known for its oil wealth but with significant governance challenges. Legal education plays a crucial role in fostering a robust rule of law, yet its impact remains underexplored. The study employs a qualitative research approach, utilising semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders such as legal educators, policymakers, and civil society representatives. Data collection was conducted through online platforms and face-to-face meetings in the country's capital city. Interviews revealed that there is a significant gap between theoretical education provided by law schools and practical application required for effective governance, particularly regarding corruption prevention strategies. While legal education contributes to enhancing awareness of human rights and legal frameworks, it does not sufficiently equip graduates with the skills needed to implement these principles rigorously in real-world governance scenarios. There is a need for more practical training components within law school curricula alongside theoretical instruction. Collaboration between academia and government bodies could facilitate this integration.
Copyright (c) 2000 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Digital Literacy Workshops and Job Placement in Ghanaian Cities
Digital literacy workshops are increasingly recognised as essential for adult learners seeking employment in Ghanaian cities, where digital skills are becoming a prerequisite for many job roles. The analysis draws from existing data collected during a comprehensive evaluation of digital literacy programmes implemented across multiple cities in Ghana. It employs statistical methods to compare baseline characteristics with those who completed the workshops and their subsequent employment outcomes. A notable proportion, approximately 45%, of participants successfully completed the digital literacy training modules offered by various institutions within one year post-training. Among this cohort, nearly two-thirds secured job placements that required basic digital skills as a prerequisite. The findings suggest that while completion rates are encouraging, there is still room for improvement in ensuring that all learners attain the necessary digital competencies to secure employment opportunities. Based on these results, it is recommended that policymakers invest more resources into continuous support for adult education programmes and consider integrating digital literacy training as a standard component of vocational training curricula.