African Journal of Gender and Development
African Journal of Gender and Development is a peer‑reviewed scholarly journal published under the Pan‑African Research Journals (PARJ) platform, advancing African‑centred and global research.
Climate Change, Food Security, and Women's Economic Resilience in South Sudan: A Gender-Based Review of Selected States
South Sudan faces a convergence of acute climate shocks, chronic food insecurity, and entrenched gender inequality that collectively undermine women's economic agency and household food security. This article presents a systematic gender-based review of four states — Upper Nile, Warrap, Jonglei, and Western Equatoria — examining how climate variability intersects with structural patriarchy to amplify women's vulnerability to food insecurity and economic marginalisation. Drawing on primary survey data (n = 487 women-headed households), secondary IPC food security assessments, remote-sensing rainfall anomaly records, and key-informant interviews (n = 44), the study applies a Feminist Political Ecology (FPE) lens integrated with the CARE Resilience Framework. Results demonstrate that severe food insecurity among women-headed households rose from 60% in 2018 to 89% in 2023, co-occurring with a 53% increase in resource-linked gender-based violence (GBV). Regression analysis reveals that each one-unit increase in a composite Climate Exposure Index (CEI) is associated with a 6.8 percentage-point rise in household food gap (p < 0.001, β = 0.68). Despite promising village savings and loans associations (VSLAs) and climate-smart agriculture programmes, structural gaps in land rights, credit access, and policy coherence continue to limit resilience outcomes. The article concludes with a five-point policy framework embedding gender-responsive climate adaptation into South Sudan's food security architecture.
Climate Change, Food Security, and Women's Economic Resilience in South Sudan
Transitional Justice Mechanisms as Foundations for Peacebuilding in Sierra Leone's Legal Fabric
Transitional justice mechanisms (TJMs) have been employed in various post-conflict societies to address historical injustices and promote peacebuilding. Sierra Leone is an example where TJMs were integral to its legal framework, aiming at reconciliation and sustainable development. No specific empirical methods are employed in this theoretical framework study. Instead, the article reviews existing literature on TJMs and their application in Sierra Leone’s legal context. The theoretical framework underscores the critical role of Transitional Justice Mechanisms (TJMs) in legal frameworks for promoting peace and justice in Sierra Leone, providing a pathway for similar applications in other conflict-affected regions. Future research should focus on evaluating the long-term impacts of TJM mechanisms on societal cohesion and sustainable development in Sierra Leone. Policy recommendations suggest strengthening community involvement in TJM processes to enhance their effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2012 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Legal Landscape of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Tanzania
The legal status of refugees and asylum seekers in Tanzania is a complex issue within East Africa's socio-legal landscape. A socio-legal analysis was conducted by reviewing existing laws, court decisions, and relevant international agreements to assess the adequacy of current legislation. The analysis revealed a significant disparity between legal provisions and practical implementation, particularly in areas related to identification procedures and access to social services. Current legal frameworks lack comprehensive protection for refugees and asylum seekers, leading to inadequate support systems and procedural inefficiencies. Recommendations include enhancing the legal framework to ensure fairer identification processes and improved access to essential services such as healthcare and education.
Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law in Gambia’s Post-Electoral Transition
In the context of Gambia’s post-electoral transition, constitutionalism and the rule of law have emerged as critical factors influencing democratic governance. The study employs legal scholarship and qualitative research methods to examine judicial decisions, legislative reforms, and public policy documents from to . Comparative frameworks will be employed to identify commonalities and differences in constitutional practices within the region. Recent court judgments have shown a significant increase in legal challenges against government actions, indicative of growing judicial independence and a robust application of the rule of law. While progress has been made towards strengthening constitutionalism and the rule of law, persistent issues such as corruption and lack of transparency remain critical barriers to democratic consolidation. Enhanced public education campaigns on constitutional rights and legal processes are recommended alongside stricter enforcement mechanisms for anti-corruption laws.
Copyright (c) 2011 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Urbanization's Impact on Healthcare Accessibility for Women in Kampala Slums via Community Health Workers
Urbanization in Kampala has led to rapid population growth, particularly in slum areas where women often face challenges accessing quality healthcare services. A comparative study using qualitative interviews and focus group discussions to assess the perceptions of women users regarding healthcare services provided by community health workers. Community health workers reported an improvement in user satisfaction, particularly among those who previously had limited access to formal healthcare facilities. Women expressed greater trust and confidence when interacting with trained volunteers rather than traditional healthcare providers. Urbanization has necessitated innovative solutions such as community health worker programmes to address the healthcare needs of women living in Kampala's slums effectively. Policy makers should consider scaling up community health worker initiatives in urban settings, including training and support for local volunteers. Urbanization, Healthcare Accessibility, Community Health Workers, User Satisfaction, Kampala Slums
Mobile Financial Services Acceptance Amongst Youth in Nigeria
Mobile financial services (MFS) have gained traction in Nigeria as a means of bridging formal and informal economic sectors, particularly among youth who are increasingly active in digital platforms. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative data (surveys) with qualitative insights (in-depth interviews). A stratified random sampling method was used to ensure representation across different regions in Nigeria. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics for quantification and thematic analysis for qualitative interpretation. Findings reveal that 65% of surveyed youth have adopted MFS, with a preference for mobile banking services over other forms. Usage patterns suggest daily transactions are most common, followed by occasional use. Economic benefits reported include reduced transaction costs and increased access to financial resources. The study concludes that while Nigerian youth show significant interest in MFS, barriers such as low digital literacy persist. Future research should explore strategies for enhancing adoption rates and leveraging synergies with traditional banking systems. Recommendations include targeted educational programmes on the benefits of MFS to enhance understanding among younger demographics. Collaboration between fintech companies and financial institutions is suggested to facilitate smoother integration into existing infrastructures.
Copyright (c) 2010 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Gender Disaggregated Police Performance in Smaller Towns of Ghana
This ethnographic study examines gender-disaggregated police performance in smaller towns of Ghana, reflecting on similar studies conducted in Ethiopia. Ethnographic research methods were employed, including participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and document review. Gender-based disparities were evident in response times, where female officers took longer to respond to calls compared to their male counterparts (20% difference). The findings highlight the need for gender-sensitive training and policy adjustments to enhance police accountability and responsiveness. Introduce mandatory gender sensitivity training for all police officers and implement data disaggregation policies that track performance by gender.
Accessibility and Utilization Dynamics of Legal Services in Ghanaian Rural Health Centers Serving Older Adults,
Legal services in rural health centers are crucial for older adults in Ghanaian communities. A mixed-methods approach using surveys, interviews, and document analysis was employed to evaluate service availability and user behaviour. The proportion of older adults utilising legal services at rural health centers varied significantly between health centers, with a notable gap in accessibility due to geographical barriers. Rural health centers need strategic improvements to enhance the provision and utilization of legal services for older adults. Implementing telemedicine solutions and enhancing community outreach programmes are recommended to improve access.
Copyright (c) 2009 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Competitive Frameworks in East African Community Countries
This study examines the competition law frameworks in East African Community (EAC) countries with a focus on Ghana's legal landscape. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining qualitative assessments with quantitative data review from official legal documents and international reports. The analysis revealed significant disparities in the application of competition laws among EAC countries, particularly in enforcement mechanisms and consumer protection measures. Ghana's framework showed strong alignment with international best practices but lacked specific sector regulations for emerging industries. Despite challenges, Ghana’s competition law system demonstrates robust foundational elements that can serve as a model for other EAC member states seeking to enhance their regulatory frameworks. Specific recommendations include the development of detailed sector-specific guidelines and increased public participation in enforcement processes to improve transparency and accountability.
Human Rights Challenges and Frameworks in Kenyan Resource Extraction Projects
Resource extraction projects in Kenya have been a contentious issue due to their potential impacts on human rights, including environmental degradation and social displacement. The analysis will draw upon existing legal literature on human rights and environmental law in Kenya, as well as relevant international standards. A comprehensive understanding of human rights challenges in Kenyan resource extraction projects is essential for developing effective legal protections and community engagement strategies. Legal reforms should focus on strengthening existing frameworks while promoting transparent and participatory decision-making processes involving local communities.
Copyright (c) 2008 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Sustainable Development Legal Frameworks in Zimbabwe
Sustainable development in Africa has garnered significant attention, particularly within Zimbabwe’s legal framework. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have influenced national policies and laws, emphasising intergenerational equity and environmental sustainability. The research employs a comparative analysis approach, integrating legal documents, academic articles, and secondary data sources from Zimbabwe and selected African countries. A thematic framework is utilised to categorize laws related to environmental protection, resource management, and social welfare. A key finding is the significant variation in legislative provisions across jurisdictions regarding renewable energy incentives and waste management regulations, indicating diverse approaches to sustainable development goals. This comparative study highlights Zimbabwe’s unique challenges and opportunities within the broader context of African legal frameworks for sustainable development. The findings underscore the importance of tailored policy interventions and stakeholder collaboration for effective implementation. Policy makers should prioritise harmonizing laws with international standards, fostering public-private partnerships, and ensuring equitable resource distribution to achieve sustainable development objectives in Zimbabwe.
The Influence of Legal Education on Law Students' Perceptions of Gender Bias in Ghana's Legal Profession,
Legal education in Ghana plays a crucial role in shaping law students' perceptions of gender bias within the legal profession. The research employed surveys among Ghanaian law students, focusing on their experiences with gender biases during legal education. Data was collected from 300 respondents across various universities. Findings indicated that exposure to gender-sensitive course materials significantly reduced perceived instances of gender bias in the legal profession (mean reduction by 25%). The study concludes with a nuanced understanding of how legal education can mitigate perceptions of gender bias among law students, particularly through curriculum design and pedagogical strategies. Recommendations include incorporating more gender-sensitive content into legal curricula and encouraging faculty to actively address issues of gender bias in the classroom.
Geographic Terms: Ghanaian Methodological Terms: Survey Method Theoretical Concepts: Gender Bias Legal Education Law Student Perceptions
Copyright (c) 2007 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Gender-based discrimination remains a significant issue in legal systems across North Africa, particularly within Zambian courts. Recent studies have highlighted varying degrees of gender bias and inequality in judicial outcomes. The study employs a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative content analysis of court decisions with quantitative data on gender-related case outcomes. Expert interviews and secondary research were also conducted to triangulate findings. The comparative study underscores the necessity for judicial systems to adapt and strengthen their laws to ensure fair and equitable treatment of all genders under the law. Recommendations include revising outdated legal statutes, training judges on gender-sensitive practices, and fostering public awareness campaigns to promote gender equality in Zambian courts.
Dropout Rates and Student Reactions to School-Based Sex Education Programmes in South Sudanese Secondary Schools, 2006
The implementation of school-based sex education programmes in South Sudanese secondary schools has been a topic of interest due to concerns over potential impacts on student dropout rates and overall academic performance. Data collection was conducted through a combination of administrative records analysis for dropout rate data and structured surveys administered to students within participating schools, ensuring anonymity and confidentiality. A notable finding is that schools located in rural areas reported higher dropout rates compared to urban centers when sex education programmes were introduced. Additionally, there was a significant theme among student responses indicating mixed reactions—some felt more informed but others experienced discomfort or fear regarding the content covered in these sessions. The analysis suggests that while sex education programmes have potential benefits for students' understanding of sexual health issues, their effectiveness can be influenced by various contextual factors including geographical location and individual student sensitivities. School administrators should consider adopting a phased approach to introducing sex education programmes to mitigate negative impacts on attendance. Furthermore, providing psychological support services might help address any adverse effects observed among students. South Sudan, Secondary Schools, Sex Education Programmes, Dropout Rates, Student Reactions
Copyright (c) 2006 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Land Law Reforms and Tenure Security in Rwanda
Rwanda has undergone significant land law reforms aimed at enhancing tenure security for its diverse population, including both formal and customary land rights holders. The research employed a qualitative approach through interviews with local leaders, community members, and government officials. Focus groups were also conducted to gather insights on perceptions of tenure security. Interviews revealed that while formal law reforms have improved documentation processes for land titles, customary rights holders continue to face challenges in accessing legal recognition, particularly in rural areas where customary practices predominate. The qualitative data suggests a need for more inclusive and culturally sensitive policy frameworks to ensure equitable land tenure security across Rwanda's diverse landscapes. Policy recommendations include strengthening community-led initiatives that support customary rights holders and integrating traditional governance structures into formal legal processes.
Corporate Accountability and Enforcement Compliance under Environmental Law in Nigeria
Corporate accountability under environmental law is critical for sustainable development in Nigeria, where enforcement compliance remains a significant challenge. A structured questionnaire was distributed to a diverse sample of Nigerian corporations, government officials, and civil society organizations. Respondents were asked about their experiences with corporate accountability measures under environmental law. The survey revealed that only 35% of respondents reported full compliance with environmental regulations, highlighting the need for enhanced enforcement mechanisms. While there is room for improvement in terms of regulatory effectiveness and stakeholder engagement, the findings suggest a critical gap in enforcing corporate accountability under environmental law in Nigeria. This research recommends strengthening enforcement bodies’ capacity, enhancing public participation in decision-making processes related to environmental compliance, and promoting transparency in corporate practices.
Copyright (c) 2005 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Cyberlaw and Data Protection Dynamics in Southern Africa
Cyberlaw and data protection are increasingly crucial in addressing digital privacy and security issues across Southern Africa, including in Libya where legal frameworks are still evolving. An action research approach was employed to engage local stakeholders, including policymakers, technology companies, and civil society organizations, through surveys and workshops. Data were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively using thematic analysis. Data revealed a significant proportion (45%) of respondents felt current frameworks inadequately addressed emerging cyber threats in Libya, with notable themes around inadequate enforcement mechanisms and lack of public awareness campaigns. This study highlights the need for more robust cybersecurity measures and enhanced public education initiatives to bolster data protection standards in Libya’s legal framework. Recommendations include developing comprehensive cyberlaw policies that incorporate international best practices, increasing transparency in law enforcement activities, and implementing regular public awareness programmes.
Corporate Compliance in Nigerian Legal Frameworks
Corporate compliance is a critical aspect of environmental law enforcement in Nigeria, where legal frameworks are complex and often under-resourced. A survey approach was employed to gather data from key stakeholders including government agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and corporations operating in the field of law. Findings indicate that while there are established compliance mechanisms, their effectiveness is compromised by resource constraints and bureaucratic inefficiencies. The study highlights the need for improved enforcement strategies and greater accountability among corporate entities to enhance environmental protection efforts. Policy recommendations include increased funding for law enforcement agencies, enhanced training programmes for stakeholders, and stricter oversight mechanisms.
Copyright (c) 2004 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Nigerian Legal Practice
Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) in Nigeria are integral to traditional legal practices, reflecting a unique synthesis of oral traditions and contemporary legal systems. The research utilizes qualitative interviews with judges and legal practitioners, complemented by quantitative data from court records to assess the impact of IKS on judicial decisions. Interviews revealed that IKS are used in up to 40% of legal arguments, particularly in cases involving customary laws. Quantitative analysis showed a correlation between the use of IKS and more lenient sentencing outcomes. The mixed methods approach has successfully highlighted the pervasive role of IKS in Nigerian law practice and its nuanced impact on judicial decisions. Further empirical research should include longitudinal studies to track changes over time, while policymakers could consider integrating IKS into legal education curricula for a more holistic understanding.
Rwanda's Land Law Reforms and Tenure Security Dynamics,
Rwanda's land law reforms of have been a focal point in discussions about tenure security and legal frameworks for agricultural land. This analysis employs a qualitative approach, examining legislative documents, academic literature, and interviews with stakeholders to assess reform implementation. Significant shifts were observed towards more formalized land registration systems, leading to increased confidence among farmers regarding long-term land use rights. The reforms have notably enhanced tenure security but also highlighted challenges in equitable distribution of benefits across different socioeconomic groups. Future policy should prioritise strengthening legal enforcement and ensuring comprehensive coverage of all rural areas.
Geographic Terms: African Geography Methodological Terms: Case Study Theoretical Concepts: Comparative Law Policy Analysis Terms: Land Policy Social Science Theory: Institutional Change Urban Studies Concepts: Spatial Planning
Copyright (c) 2003 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Gender Budgeting Practices and Their Impact on Women's Livelihoods in Nairobi
Gender budgeting refers to a process by which governments allocate resources based on gender equality principles. In Nairobi, Kenya, there is increasing recognition of the need for such practices to address disparities in women's access to economic opportunities. A mixed methods approach was employed, combining qualitative interviews with quantitative data analysis of government expenditure records. Data collection involved surveys targeting women entrepreneurs and in-depth interviews with stakeholders including officials from the Ministry of Finance. The findings indicate that while some gender budgeting initiatives have led to increased funding for programmes aimed at supporting women’s businesses (30% increase), there remains a significant gap in addressing structural inequalities such as limited access to finance and discriminatory laws. Gender budgeting has shown promise but is not yet comprehensive enough to fully address the complex needs of Nairobi's female population. Further tailored interventions are required to ensure equitable resource allocation. Policymakers should prioritise gender-sensitive budgeting practices that specifically target women’s economic empowerment and advocate for legal reforms that eliminate discriminatory barriers.
Legal Representation Needs Assessment for Children in Custody Disputes in Urban Kenya's Legal System (1980s-2000)
This study examines the legal representation needs for children in custody disputes within urban Kenya's judicial system from the 1980s to the early 2000s. Qualitative research methods were employed through interviews with legal professionals, child welfare advocates, and court records analysis to gather data on the practice of legal representation for children in custody disputes over a decade. The findings indicate that while some judges mandate legal counsel for children, many cases lack adequate representation, often due to financial constraints and a shortage of qualified attorneys specializing in family law. There is also a notable disparity between urban and rural areas regarding access to professional legal assistance. Current legal practices fail to adequately protect the rights of children in custody disputes, highlighting significant gaps that need addressing through improved funding for legal services and training programmes for judges and advocates. The recommendations include increasing financial support for legal aid organizations, implementing mandatory court-appointed counsel policies, and providing specialized training for judges on child welfare issues.
Copyright (c) 2002 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Competition Law Frameworks in Eastern African Community Countries
Competition law in Eastern African Community (EAC) countries is a critical area of legal development, particularly in Kenya, where it has been implemented since . The study employs an ethnographic approach involving interviews, document reviews, and observations in legal institutions across Kenya and other EAC countries. Data was collected from government agencies responsible for competition law enforcement. A notable finding is that while all EAC countries have established competition laws, the implementation varies significantly, with some countries showing stronger compliance rates than others. The analysis reveals distinct challenges and opportunities in implementing effective competition law frameworks across the region. Key regulatory gaps are identified, particularly in enforcing antitrust regulations effectively. Policy recommendations suggest enhancing transparency in enforcement practices, promoting public awareness campaigns, and strengthening inter-agency cooperation for a more robust legal framework.
Gender Imbalances in Legal Institutions within Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa faces significant gender imbalances in legal institutions, with women often facing barriers to accessing justice and equal rights. Quantitative data analysis was used to examine legal institution performance in terms of gender representation and access issues. The study identified a notable disparity in senior judicial positions, with women occupying only 15% of such roles, highlighting systemic underrepresentation. Ethiopia's legal system shows clear gender biases that hinder the full realization of women's rights and opportunities. Recommendations include implementing affirmative action policies to increase female representation in legal institutions and enhancing training programmes for judges on gender equality issues.
Copyright (c) 2001 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Sustainable Practices and Legal Frameworks in Egypt
Egypt is a developing country in Africa facing challenges related to sustainable development and legal frameworks. A mixed-methods approach combining qualitative interviews with policymakers and stakeholders and an analysis of relevant legislation. The study identified a 20% increase in the number of sustainable practices incorporated into new legal documents over the past five years, particularly in water resource management and urban planning. Current policies are inadequate to support fully sustainable development; there is a need for more robust enforcement mechanisms and stakeholder engagement. Develop clear, enforceable regulations that align with international best practices. Increase public awareness through education campaigns and community involvement in decision-making processes.
Gender Dynamics in Sub-Saharan African Law
Sub-Saharan Africa faces significant challenges in gender equality, particularly within legal frameworks. South Africa is a notable case study given its progressive stance on gender rights. The research employs in-depth interviews with legal practitioners, judges, and community leaders. Data analysis is guided by feminist jurisprudence principles. Interviews revealed a nuanced understanding of gendered power dynamics within the justice system, where women often face barriers to accessing equitable legal remedies. The qualitative data underscores persistent gender disparities in South African law, necessitating targeted interventions to promote more inclusive legal practices. Policy recommendations include enhanced training for legal professionals on intersectional issues and the need for judicial reforms addressing historical biases. Sub-Saharan Africa, Law, Gender Dynamics, Feminist Jurisprudence, Legal Practices
Copyright (c) 2000 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Impact Evaluation of Gender-Responsive Financial Services Among Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania's Coastal Regions
Gender-responsive financial services (GRFS) are designed to address the specific needs of smallholder farmers, particularly women who often face barriers in accessing traditional banking channels. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including a quantitative survey with 500 respondents and qualitative interviews with 20 participants to gather comprehensive insights into the adoption rates and outcomes of GRFS. Findings suggest that women farmers in coastal Tanzania are more likely to adopt gender-responsive financial services compared to men (68% vs. 32%), indicating a significant gender gap favoring women's participation. The study concludes that while there is initial evidence of positive outcomes, further research and tailored interventions are needed to enhance the adoption rates and maximise benefits for all farmers. Recommendations include developing culturally sensitive GRFS products and improving access points in rural areas to ensure equitable financial inclusion among smallholder farmers.