The deployment of telecommunications infrastructure in remote, topographically challenging regions presents significant engineering and economic hurdles. Rwanda’s terrain and dispersed rural populations exemplify these barriers, impeding digital inclusion and socio-economic development. This study aimed to identify and analyse the principal engineering and economic challenges encountered during the deployment of telecommunications infrastructure in rural Rwanda. It sought to evaluate the effectiveness of strategies used to mitigate these obstacles. A mixed-methods case study approach was employed. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with engineers and project managers from telecommunications firms and government agencies, alongside analysis of technical deployment reports and project costings. Terrain was the most frequently cited technical barrier. A key theme was the prohibitive cost of grid power extension, which led to a reliance on hybrid solar-diesel power systems. Economies of scale were difficult to achieve due to low population density. While technical solutions for difficult topography exist, their high capital and operational expenditures, compounded by low revenue potential, create a persistent deployment challenge. Successful infrastructure rollout requires integrated planning that addresses both engineering and economic viability. Recommendations include fostering public-private partnerships to share deployment costs, standardising renewable energy solutions for off-grid sites, and developing streamlined regulatory processes for right-of-way in rural areas. telecommunications infrastructure, rural connectivity, deployment challenges, Rwanda, engineering economics, renewable energy, topography This research provides an evidence-based analysis of implementation barriers in a representative East African context, offering practical insights for engineers and policymakers planning rural network rollouts in similar developing regions.