This policy analysis examines the structural and socio-cultural barriers constraining women’s political participation in South Sudan during the implementation of the Revitalised Peace Agreement (2021–2026). It interrogates why, despite a 35% affirmative action quota, women remain significantly underrepresented in substantive decision-making roles. Employing a rigorous qualitative methodology, including critical document analysis of national policy frameworks, peace agreements, and institutional reports, the study identifies persistent impediments. Key findings reveal that entrenched patriarchal norms, economic disempowerment, and pervasive insecurity operate synergistically to undermine formal provisions. The analysis further demonstrates how a fragmented women’s movement and inadequate political party support critically weaken quota enforcement. The article contends that existing policy approaches, though necessary, are insufficient without concurrent, culturally-grounded initiatives targeting these foundational barriers. This research contributes to African feminist policy discourse by demonstrating that sustainable advancement requires moving beyond legislative targets to transform the underlying political culture. It concludes with targeted implications for South Sudanese policymakers and regional bodies, advocating for integrated strategies that bolster women’s economic autonomy, ensure physical security, and foster transformative leadership development to realise meaningful participation.