Livestock insurance programmes have emerged as a critical tool to mitigate risks for vulnerable farmers in Burkina Faso and Mali. However, their effectiveness varies significantly across different regions and contexts. Theoretical analysis will be employed to explore existing literature, identify key variables influencing programme effectiveness, and propose a comprehensive evaluation framework. The theoretical framework developed will serve as a guide for policymakers and programme designers aiming to enhance the effectiveness of livestock insurance initiatives in these African countries. Policymakers should prioritise stakeholder engagement, cost-effectiveness, and farmer education to improve uptake and impact of livestock insurance programmes.