The Nile Basin in Central African Republic is facing significant water scarcity challenges, which have exacerbated existing social tensions and potential for conflict. An ethnographic study was conducted involving participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions with community leaders and affected individuals. A key finding is that there is a significant proportion (30%) of households experiencing water shortages during the dry season, leading to increased competition for limited resources. Ethnographic research indicates that inadequate access to clean water exacerbates social conflicts in the Nile Basin of Central African Republic, highlighting the need for sustainable water management strategies. Local authorities should prioritise equitable distribution and conservation measures to mitigate future conflicts related to water scarcity.